This is a draft registration statement that is being confidentially submitted to the Securities

and Exchange Commission on September 3, 2019.

Registration No. 333-            

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM F-1

REGISTRATION STATEMENT

UNDER

THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933

Genetron Holdings Limited

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in Its charter)

Not Applicable

(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)

1-2/F, Building 11, Zone 1,

No.8 Life Science Parkway

Changping District, Beijing, 102206

People’s Republic of China

+86 10 5090-7500

(Address, Including Zip Code, and Telephone Number, Including Area Code, of Registrant’s Principal Executive Offices)

(Name, address, including zip code, and telephone number, including area code, of agent for service)

Copies to:

Approximate date of commencement of proposed sale to the public: As soon as practicable after the effective date of this registration statement.

If any of the securities being registered on this Form are to be offered on a delayed or continuous basis pursuant to Rule 415 under the Securities Act of 1933, check the following box.  ☐

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ☐                 

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ☐                 

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering.  ☐                 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is an emerging growth company as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act of 1933.

Emerging growth company  ☒

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with US GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 7(a)(2)(B) of the Securities Act.  ☐

† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

CALCULATION OF REGISTRATION FEE

The Registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the Registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or until the registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Commission, acting pursuant to such Section 8(a), may determine.

The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and it is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any state where the offer or sale is not permitted.

Subject to completion

Preliminary Prospectus dated             , 2019

American Depositary Shares

Genetron Holdings Limited

Representing Ordinary Shares

This is an initial public offering of American depositary shares, or ADSs, representing ordinary shares of Genetron Holdings Limited.

We are offering              ADSs. [The selling shareholders identified in this prospectus are offering an additional              ADSs. We will not receive any of the proceeds from the sale of the ADSs being sold by the selling shareholders.] Each ADS represents of              our ordinary shares, par value US$             per share.

Prior to this offering, there has been no public market for the ADSs. It is currently estimated that the initial public offering price per share will be between US$             and US$            .

We [will apply for] listing the ADSs on the [Nasdaq Global Select Market] under the symbol “[GTH].”

We are an “emerging growth company” under applicable U.S. federal securities laws and are eligible for reduced public company reporting requirements.

See “Risk Factors” beginning on page 18 for factors you should consider before buying the ADSs.

Neither the United States Securities and Exchange Commission nor any other regulatory body has approved or disapproved of these securities or passed upon the accuracy or adequacy of this prospectus. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

The underwriters have a 30-day option to purchase up to an additional              ADSs from us [and certain selling shareholders] at the initial public offering price less the underwriting discount.

The underwriters expect to deliver the ADSs against payment in U.S. dollars in New York, New York on                     , 2019.

The date of this prospectus is                     , 2019.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

We are responsible for the information contained in this prospectus. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with different information, and we take no responsibility for any other information others may give you. We are not, and the underwriters are not, making an offer to sell these securities in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale is not permitted. You should not assume that the information contained in this prospectus is accurate as of any date other than its date.

You should rely only on the information contained in this prospectus or in any related free-writing prospectus. We have not authorized anyone to provide you with information different from that contained in this prospectus. We are offering to sell, and seeking offers to buy, the ADSs only in jurisdictions where offers and sales are permitted. The information contained in this prospectus is current only as of the date of this prospectus, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or of any sale of the ADSs.

We have not taken any action to permit a public offering of the ADSs outside the United States or to permit the possession or distribution of this prospectus outside the United States. Persons outside the United States who come into possession of this prospectus must inform themselves about and observe any restrictions relating to the offering of the ADSs and the distribution of the prospectus outside the United States.

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Until                     , 2019 (the 25th day after the date of this prospectus), all dealers that buy, sell or trade ADSs, whether or not participating in this offering, may be required to deliver a prospectus. This is in addition to the obligation of dealers to deliver a prospectus when acting as underwriters and with respect to their unsold allotments or subscriptions.

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RISK FACTORS

You should consider carefully all of the information in this prospectus, including the risks and uncertainties described below and our consolidated financial statements and related notes, before making an investment in the ADSs. Any of the following risks and uncertainties could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The market price of the ADSs could decline significantly as a result of any of these risks and uncertainties, and you may lose all or part of your investment. When determining whether to invest, you should also refer to the other information contained in this prospectus, including our financial statements and the related notes thereto. You should also carefully review the cautionary statements referred to under “Forward-looking Statements.” Our actual results could differ materially and adversely from those anticipated in this prospectus.

RISKS RELATING TO OUR FINANCIAL PROSPECTS AND NEED FOR ADDITIONAL CAPITAL

We have a limited operating history, which may make it difficult to evaluate our current business and predict our future performance.

We commenced our operation in 2015 through Genetron Health (Beijing) Co., Ltd. Since then, we have achieved rapid growth and continue to expand our services and products. For example, we recently launched our early screening services. Our limited operating history may make it difficult to evaluate our current business and predict our future performance. Any predictions you make about our future success or viability may be subject to uncertainty and may not be as accurate as they could be if we had a longer operating history. We may encounter risks and difficulties frequently experienced by early-stage companies in rapidly evolving fields as we seek to transit to a company capable of supporting commercial activities. In addition, as a new business, we may encounter unforeseen expenses, difficulties, complications, delays and other known and unknown factors. If we do not address these risks and difficulties successfully, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

We have incurred net losses historically and we may continue to incur net losses in the near future.

We have incurred losses since our inception. For the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, we incurred net losses of RMB420.6 million and RMB465.0 million (US$67.6 million), respectively. To date, we have financed our operations principally from capital contributions from our shareholders. We have devoted substantial resources to the development and commercialization of our diagnosis services and products, and plan to substantially invest in the research and development related to our cancer early screening business and regulatory approvals with respect to our IVD products, including preclinical studies, clinical and regulatory initiatives to obtain marketing approval and sales and marketing activities. We are in varying stages of research and development for other services and products that we may offer. We will need to generate significant additional revenue to achieve profitability, and even if we achieve profitability, we cannot be sure that we will remain profitable for any period of time. Our failure to achieve profitability would negatively affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and cash flows. If we are unable to execute our sales and marketing strategy for our services and are unable to gain sufficient acceptance in the market, we may be unable to generate sufficient revenues to sustain our business.

We have recorded negative cash flows from operating activities historically and may have a current liabilities position in the future.

We have experienced significant cash outflow from operating activities since our inception. We had net cash used in operating activities of RMB129.9 million and RMB201.0 million (US$29.2 million) for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively. The cost of continuing operations could further reduce our cash position, and an increase in our net cash outflow from operating activities could adversely affect our operations by reducing the amount of cash available to meet the cash needs for operating our business and to fund our investments in our business expansion.

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Although we had net current assets of RMB162.9 million (US$23.7 million) as of December 31, 2018, we cannot guarantee that we will not have a net current liabilities position in the future, which would expose us to liquidity risk. Our future liquidity and ability to make additional capital investments necessary for our operations and business expansion will depend primarily on our ability to maintain sufficient cash generated from operating activities and to obtain adequate external financing. There can be no assurance that we will be able to renew existing bank facilities or obtain other sources of financing.

We may need to obtain substantial additional financing to fund our growth and operations.

We will need to expend substantial resources for research and development and commercialization of our services and products candidates, including costs associated with:

To date, we have funded our operations primarily through capital contributions from our shareholders. We have also received government grants of RMB4.8 million and RMB10.7 million (US$1.6 million) in 2017 and 2018. Our operations have consumed substantial amounts of cash since inception. The net cash used in our operating activities was RMB129.9 million and RMB201.0 million (US$29.2 million) for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively. We expect our expenses to increase significantly in connection with our ongoing activities, particularly as we advance the development of our proprietary technologies and invest in commercialization of our full-cycle cancer management products. In addition, we require significant capital to build, maintain, operate and expend our laboratory facilities and engage in research and development activities. Accordingly, we will likely need to obtain substantial additional funding in connection with our continuing operations through public or private equity offerings, debt financing, collaborations or licensing arrangements or other sources. If we are unable to raise capital when needed or on commercially acceptable terms, we could incur losses and be forced to delay, reduce or terminate our research and development programs or any future commercialization efforts.

Raising additional capital may lead to dilution of shareholdings by our existing shareholders, restrict our operations, and may further result in fair value loss adversely affecting our financial results.

We may seek additional funding through a combination of equity and debt financings and collaborations. To the extent that we raise additional capital through the sale of equity or convertible debt securities, the ownership interest of existing holders of the our shares will be diluted, and the terms may include liquidation or other preferences that adversely affect the rights of our existing shareholders.

The incurrence of additional indebtedness or the issuance of certain equity securities could result in increased fixed payment obligations and could also result in certain additional restrictive covenants, such as limitations on our ability to incur additional debt or issue additional equity, limitations on our ability to acquire or license IP rights and other operating restrictions that could adversely impact our ability to conduct our business.

In addition, since our inception, we have completed a series of financing by issuing certain shares with preferred rights, including anti-dilution rights, liquidation preference and redemption rights. The fair value of our preferred shares might further change with the increase of our valuation in our future financing activities. We had recorded fair value loss of financial instruments with preferred rights of RMB258.1 million and RMB233.6 million (US$34.0 million) in 2017 and 2018, respectively and may incur increased fair value loss of financial instruments due to future financing activities, which may materially affect our financial results.

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As of the date of this prospectus, our revenue is primarily generated from diagnosis and monitoring services and products and we are highly dependent on it for our success.

As of the date of this prospectus, our revenue is primarily generated from diagnosis and monitoring services and products. We expect that revenues of our diagnosis and monitoring services business will continue to account for the substantial part of our revenues going forward. Our ability to generate profits will therefore largely depend upon the acceptance and adoption of our tests by our customers. The increase in acceptance and adoption of our tests will depend on numerous factors, including the prices we charge for our tests, the broader coverage of our LDT services and IVD products, the availability of clinical data that supports the value of our tests and the recognition of our services and products by hospitals, doctors, KOLs and others in the medical community. We cannot assure you that our diagnosis and monitoring service will continue to maintain or gain market acceptance, and any failure to do so would harm our business and results of operations.

We may face certain risks in collecting our receivables, and the failure to collect could adversely effect on our business, financial condition and results of operation.

As of December 31, 2018, our trade and other receivables and contract assets was RMB64.2 million (US$9.3 million) and the provision for impairment of trade and other receivables and contract assets were RMB1.3 million (US$0.2 million). As our business continues to scale, our trade and other receivables and contract assets balance may continue to grow, which may increase our risks for uncollectible receivables. Actual losses on receivables balance could differ from those that we anticipate and reserve in our allowance for doubtful accounts, as a result we might need to adjust our allowance. Macroeconomic conditions could also result in financial difficulties for our clients, including limited access to the credit markets, insolvency or bankruptcy, and as a result could cause clients to delay payments to us, request modifications to their payment arrangements or default on their payment obligations to us. If we are unable to collect our trade and other receivables and contract assets from our customers, our business, financial condition and results of operation may be materially and adversely affected.

RISKS RELATING TO OUR BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY

Our financial prospects depend substantially upon the successful commercialization of our services and products in the future, which may fail or experience significant delays.

Although we have developed and marketed several diagnosis services and products to date, we believe our future success is dependent upon our ability of continuous developing technologies and successfully marketing our existing cancer genetic offerings to customers within the PRC and expanding into overseas. Our ability to generate significant revenue in the next several years will depend primarily on the successes of each key stage of our business, including pre-clinical research and development, clinical trial, regulatory approval, manufacture, marketing and commercialization of our services and products, which is subject to significant uncertainty. Our pipeline of new IVD product is in various stages of development and may take several more years to develop and may be required to undergo extensive clinical validation. Our ability to generate sales revenue from our products and services and our future profitability depends on a number of factors, including our ability to continue:

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If we do not achieve one or more of these milestones in a timely manner or at all, we could experience significant delays in our ability to obtain approvals for our services and products or to successfully commercialize our services and products, which would materially harm our business and we may not be able to generate sufficient revenues and cash flows to continue our operations.

Our ability to become profitable in the future will depend on various factors, including the market acceptance of our services and products.

We are a growing precision oncology company and have engaged in targeted sales and marketing activities for our services and products. Our services and products are relatively innovative and may never gain significant acceptance in the marketplace or generate substantial revenues or permit us to become profitable. We will need to further expand our products and services offerings through the efforts of research and development and the expansion of our current relationships and development of new relationships with hospitals, KOLs and biopharmaceutical companies. Our ability to achieve and maintain commercial market acceptance of our existing and future products will depend on a number of factors, including:

We cannot assure you that we will be successful in addressing each of these criteria or other criteria that might affect the market acceptance of our products and services. Failure to achieve broad market acceptance of our services would materially harm our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

We may be adversely affected by the uncertainties and changes in the regulation of cancer genomic testing service industry in the PRC, and any lack of requisite approvals, permits, registrations or filings in relation to our business may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and prospects.

Due to the relatively short history of the cancer genomic testing service industry in the PRC, a comprehensive regulatory framework governing our industry has not been established. We cannot rule out the possibility that some common practices in our industry which we also adopt might be viewed as not being in full compliance with the existing PRC laws and regulations.

According to the Administration of Clinical Gene Amplification Test Laboratories, a clinical gene amplification testing laboratory shall not conduct the clinical testing items that have not been registered or filed

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with the relevant health administrative authority in accordance with the Catalogue of Clinical Laboratory Items for Medical Institutions (2013) (“Testing Items Catalogue”). The scope of Testing Items Catalogue is limited and has not been updated since 2013. Many of testing items of our cancer genomic testing services are beyond the scope of Testing Items Catalogue, so that we are not able to register or file such testing items with the applicable health administrative authority. Meanwhile, pursuant to the Notice on Issues Related to the Management of Clinical Laboratory Items, or Circular 167, promulgated by the NHFPC on February 25, 2016, the clinical testing items which are not included in the Testing Items Catalogue, but with clear clinical significance, relatively high specificity and sensitivity, and reasonable price, shall be validated in time to meet clinical needs. Based on our consultation with a competent government authority, medical institutions could conduct testing items beyond the scope of Testing Items Catalogue after validation. However, it remains unclear as to how to validate such testing items based on Circular 167, nor does Circular 167 specify what testing items are “with clear clinical significance, relatively high specificity and sensitivity and reasonable price.” Our PRC Legal Counsel, Shihui Partners, taking into consideration of the consultation with competent government authority, among others, is of the view that the possibility of suspension of our testing items that are beyond Testing Items Catalogue is relatively low. If the government promulgates clear guidelines for validation under Circular 167, we intend to take necessary actions to meet such requirements. Any failure to meet existing and future requirements may prevent us from conducting our testing items, and result in adverse effect on our business operation.

On February 9, 2014, the General Office of NHFPC and the General Office of China Food and Drug Administration, predecessor of the National Medical Products Administration (“NMPA”), have jointly issued the Notice of Strengthening the Administration of Products and Technologies Relating to Clinical Genomic Testing, or Notice No.25, to specifically govern the products and technologies used in genomic testing service. In accordance with Notice No.25, the NHFPC is in charge of the management of clinical use of genomic testing technology, and the pilot enterprises designated by the NHFPC may use genomic testing products on trial and no medical institutions may apply genomic testing technologies or products for clinical use before the issuance of relevant access standards and management regulations. Subsequently, in March 2014, Medical Affairs and Hospital Administration Bureau of the NHFPC issued a notice to start the pilot scheme on clinical use of NGS. The first group of pilot enterprises in cancer genomic testing industry are mainly hospitals, and we have been told that no other enterprises have been approved to become new pilot enterprises after the launch of the first group of pilot enterprises, based on our consultation with a competent government authority. The companies that are not pilot enterprises, including us, may be prohibited from using NGS technology pursuant to Notice No.25. Based on our communication with an industry related authority, we have been informed that (i) the relevant government authority plans to promulgate cancer genomic testing services regulations for clinical laboratories including setting clear requirements for NGS technology approval, (ii) a few provincial centers for clinical laboratories supervised by provincial health commission have started or plan to start organizing technical inspection and quality assessment of the application of NGS technologies that suitable for clinical use, (iii) clinical laboratories conducting cancer genomic testing with a good operation record, including us, may be less likely to be subject to enforcement actions before the above cancer genomic testing services regulations be promulgated. Our PRC Legal Counsel, Shihui Partners, has advised that, taking into consideration of the foregoing consultation, among others, the likelihood of us being prohibited from using NGS technology is relatively low. If the government promulgates the clear requirement for NGS technology approval, we intend to take necessary actions to meet such requirements. Any failure to meet existing and future requirements may result in adverse effect on our continuous business operation of NGS technology utilization.

Based on Notice No.25, genomic testing diagnostic products (including gene sequencing platforms and relevant diagnostic assays or software) shall be deemed as medical devices and governed under the Regulations on the Supervision and Administration of Medical Devices, or Order No.276 of State Council. See “Regulation—Regulations Relating to Medical Devices.” Pursuant to Notice 25 and Order No.276 of State Council, the genomic testing diagnostic products used in our cancer genomic testing services shall be registered with NMPA or its local authorities. Any entity that uses unregistered genomic testing diagnostic products in cancer genomic testing services may be subject to fines, confiscation of such products it used and/or suspension of its business. However, there are only few cancer genomic sequencing platforms and assays registered with NMPA in cancer

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genomic testing industry. According to Frost & Sullivan, no NGS-based cancer genomic testing assay has been registered with NMPA in association with genomic sequencing platforms until a 4-gene assay was registered with NMPA in July 2018. Furthermore, such registered cancer genomic sequencing platforms and assays may not satisfy the demand for comprehensive and high-throughput testing in cancer genomic testing service industry. It is common in our industry that cancer genomic testing laboratories, including us, use unregistered cancer genomic testing diagnostic products while providing cancer genomic testing services considering that the adoption of cancer genomic testing service is time-sensitive while the pathway of registration with NMPA for cancer genomic testing diagnostic product is evolving, which usually leads to uncertain and lengthy registration process. Based on our consultation with an industry-related authority, we have been informed that (i) the relevant government authority plans to promulgate cancer genomic testing service regulations which may allow medical institutions to use unregistered but performance-qualified products in their cancer genomic testing services in future, (ii) it is the wide industry practice that genomic testing laboratories use unregistered diagnostic products in cancer genomic testing services, and (iii) the genomic testing laboratories with a good operation record, including us, may be less likely to be subject to enforcement actions before the promulgation of above cancer genomic testing regulations. As of the date of the Prospectus, we have not been subject to any material fines or other penalties related to the above mentioned non-compliance. However, regulatory agencies in China may periodically, and sometimes abruptly, change their enforcement practices. Therefore, prior enforcement activity, or lack of enforcement activity, is not necessarily predictive of future actions. The regulatory framework for this industry is also evolving and may remain uncertain for the foreseeable future. If the government promulgates new requirement for products, including sequencing platforms and assays, used in cancer genomic testing services, we intend to take necessary actions to meet such requirements. Any failure to meet existing and future requirements may adversely affect our business and results of operations as a result of those existing non-compliances or any non-compliance with any new laws or regulations.

If we fail to obtain applicable licenses or registrations for our IVD medical products, we will unable to commercially manufacture, distribute and market out our products, our business of commercialization of IVD medical products might be substantially harmed.

Our IVD medical products are subject to extensive regulations in China. To produce and sell our IVD medical products, we need to obtain licenses and registrations with the NMPA or their respective provincial counterparts. The sale of unregistered IVD medical products would result in administrative punishments including but not limited to monetary penalties. We currently have obtained approvals for two IVD testing kits and one IVD platform, and most of our IVD products are still in development or in the process of obtaining registrations. The NMPA registration process is costly, lengthy and uncertain. In particular, we are required to conduct, at our own expenses, adequate and well-controlled clinical trials, and provide the NMPA with clinical data that demonstrates the efficacy and safety of our IVD medical products. The time required to obtain registrations from the NMPA is unpredictable but typically takes years following the commencement of pre-clinical studies and clinical trials and depends upon numerous factors, including the substantial discretion of the regulatory authorities. In addition, registration policies, regulations or the type and amount of clinical data necessary to gain registration may change during the course of clinical-development and may vary among regions. If we cannot obtain the registration for our IVD medical products, we cannot commercialize such IVD medical products and there will be a material adverse effect on our business of IVD medical products commercialization, financial condition and results of operations. We cannot control whether planned clinical trials will begin on time or whether any of our clinical trials will be completed on schedule, or at all. Our product development costs would likely increase if we encounter delays in testing or obtaining approvals or if we need to perform more or a larger scale of clinical trials than planned. If the delays are significant, the commercial prospects for some of our IVD medical products will be harmed, which will adversely affect the results of operations in our business.

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We face risks associated with uncertainties relating to Regulation for the Administration of Human Genetic Resources.

The collection, preservation, usage and outbound provision of human genetic resources in the PRC are governed by Regulation for the Administration of Human Genetic Resources, or HGR Regulation, except for activities relating to human genetic resources conducted for some specific purposes including clinical diagnosis and treatment. Based on our consultation with the competent government authority, we believe that our diagnosis business and early screening business are both for the purpose of clinical diagnosis and treatment, so that such activities relating to human genetic resources in our diagnosis business or early screening business may not be governed by HGR Regulation. However, we cannot assure you that our diagnosis business and early screening business will be continuously deemed as conducted for the purpose of clinical diagnosis and treatment by the relevant government authority. Meanwhile, our collection, preservation and usage of human genetic resources in our development services are governed by HGR Regulation.

Pursuant to HGR regulation, there are some limitations for foreign entities, individuals and such entities established or actually controlled thereby (“Restricted Entities”, and each, a “Restricted Entity”) to engage in activities relating to human genetic resources. For example, the Restricted Entity is not allowed to collect or preserve human genetic resources of China, while it is prohibited from using human genetic resources of China unless that such Restricted Entity have obtained an approval from relevant government authority or have filed with relevant government authority for international cooperation with a domestic entity. As advised by our PRC Legal Counsel, Shihui Partners, taking into consideration of our consultation with a competent government authority, among others, this regulation remains unclear as to whether a VIE entity controlled by the wholly foreign owned enterprise through contractual arrangements would be deemed as a Restricted Entity. We cannot assure you that our VIE entities will not be deemed as Restricted Entities in the future, given the lack of clear statutory interpretation regarding HGR Regulation. If our VIE entities engaging in development services are deemed as the Restricted Entities by relevant government authority, our cooperation with foreign entities, among others, would be adversely affected and we may have to cooperate with domestic entities and be required to obtain approvals or file with relevant government authority for such cooperation which could result in additional cost and our business, financial condition and results of operations will be adversely affected.

We rely on third parties to monitor, support and/or conduct our pre-clinical studies and clinical trials. Therefore, we may not be able to directly control the timing, conduct, expense and quality of our clinical trials and we cannot assure these third parties can duly perform their obligations as agreed and expected.

We primarily rely on hospitals that are beyond our control to monitor, support, conduct pre-clinical studies and clinical trials of our cancer genomic testing pipeline products. As a result, we have less control over the quality, timing and cost of these studies and the ability to recruit trial subjects than conducting these trials entirely by ourselves. We cannot assure these third parties can meet expected timetable or can always be in compliance with regulatory requirements. Any failures of these third parties to duly perform their obligations may result in our clinical trials being extended, delayed or terminated, or our data being rejected by NMPA or regulatory agencies. In addition, if we are unable to maintain or enter into agreements with these third parties on acceptable terms, or if any such engagement is terminated, we may be unable to enroll patients on a timely basis or otherwise conduct our trials in the manner we anticipate

Clinical development involves a lengthy and expensive process with an uncertain outcome, and results of earlier studies and trials may not be predictive of future trial results.

Many of the factors that may cause or lead to a delay in the commencement or completion of clinical trials may ultimately lead to delay or denial of regulatory clearance or approval. Success in pre-clinical studies and early clinical trials does not ensure that later clinical trials will be successful, and we cannot be sure that the later trials will replicate the results of prior trials and pre-clinical studies. Even if our clinical trials are completed as planned, we cannot be certain that their results will support our product candidate claims or that the regulatory

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authorities will agree with our conclusions regarding them. The clinical trial process may fail to demonstrate that our tests are safe and effective for the proposed indicated uses, which could cause us to abandon development of our tests and may delay development of others. Any delay or termination of our clinical trials will delay the filing of our product submissions and, ultimately, may impact our ability to commercialize our tests and generate revenues.

We may face intense competition and our competitors may develop similar, but more advanced services and products than ours, which may adversely affect our business and financial conditions.

We compete with life sciences companies that design, manufacture, and market products for analysis of genetic variations and biological functions and other applications using a wide range of competing technologies in the PRC and overseas. We anticipate that we will continue to face increased competitions as existing companies develop new or improved products and as new companies enter the market with new technologies. One or more of our competitors may render one or more of our technologies obsolete or uneconomical. Some of our competitors have greater financial, technical and personnel resources, broader product lines, more focused product lines, a more established customer base, and more experience in research and development than we do. In addition, as a result of mergers and acquisitions in life science industry, even more resources are being concentrated in our competitors and our up and down streams business partners. Competition may increase further due to the progress/improvements made in the commercial applicability of technologies and the increased capital investment in the industries. Our competitors may develop products which are more effective, less costly and safer than we are able to, or obtain patent protection, regulatory approval, product commercialization, and market penetration more rapidly than we do.

Furthermore, life sciences, clinical genomics, and pharmaceutical companies, which are our potential customers and strategic partners, could also develop competing products, which may result in the decrease of demand of our services and products. Furthermore, we believe that customers in our markets display a significant amount of loyalty to their initial supplier of a particular product; therefore, it may be difficult to generate sales to potential customers who have purchased products from competitors. To the extent we are unable to be the first to develop or supply new services and products, our competitive position may suffer.

The market for cancer genomics is currently limited and highly competitive, with several large companies already having intellectual property portfolios, and regulatory expertise. As a result, these companies may obtain regulatory approval more rapidly than we are able to. Established diagnostic companies also have an installed base of instruments in several markets, including clinical and reference laboratories, which could deter acceptance of our services and products. In addition, some of these companies have formed alliances with genomics companies that provide them access to genetic information that may be incorporated into their diagnostic tests, potentially creating a competitive advantage for them.

We and our competitors also compete on the basis of price. As the cost of analyzing genetic variation and biological function falls over time, as we expect, we cannot be sure that the demand for related services and products will increase proportionately. In the future, if the demand for our services and products proves to be more insensitive to lower sequencing costs than we expect, our business, financial condition, and results of operations will be adversely affected.

Security breaches, loss of data, and other disruptions could compromise sensitive information related to our business or prevent us from accessing critical information and expose us to liability, which could adversely affect our business and our reputation.

In the ordinary course of our business, we collect and store sensitive data, including protected health information, personally identifiable information, financial information, intellectual property, and proprietary business information owned or controlled by ourselves or our customers, payers, and other parties. We manage and maintain our applications and data utilizing a combination of on-site systems and cloud-based data centers.

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We utilize external security and infrastructure vendors to manage parts of our data centers. We also communicate sensitive data, including patient data, electronically, and through relationships with multiple third-party vendors and their subcontractors. These applications and data encompass a wide variety of business-critical information, including research and development information, patient data, commercial information, and business and financial information. We face a number of risks relative to protecting this critical information, including loss of access risk, inappropriate use or disclosure, inappropriate modification, and the risk of our being unable to adequately monitor, audit, and modify our controls over our critical information. This risk extends to the third-party vendors and subcontractors we use to manage this sensitive data.

The secure processing, storage, maintenance, and transmission of this critical information are vital to our operations and business strategy, and we devote significant resources to protecting such information. Although we take measures to protect sensitive data from unauthorized access, use or disclosure, our information technology and infrastructure may be vulnerable to attacks by hackers or viruses or breached due to employee error, malfeasance, or other malicious or inadvertent disruptions. In addition, while we have implemented security measures and a formal, dedicated enterprise security program to prevent unauthorized access to patient data, such data is currently accessible through multiple channels, and there is no guarantee we can protect our data from breach. Unauthorized access, loss, or dissemination could also result in delays of our services and products development and commercialization as well as damage our reputation, including our ability to conduct our analysis, deliver test results, process claims and appeals, provide customer assistance, conduct research and development activities, collect, process, and prepare company financial information, provide information about our tests and other patient and physician education and outreach efforts through our website, and manage the administrative aspects of our business.

Any such unauthorized access, loss, or dissemination of information could also result in legal claims or proceedings, liability under PRC laws and regulations that protect the privacy of personal information. For example, pursuant to the Administrative Measures for Population Health Information, the medical institutions including our medical laboratories are responsible for collection, management, utilization, safety and privacy protection of personal healthcare data. We shall establish, maintain and execute such internal system to safeguard relevant personal healthcare data. Any failure to comply with above-mentioned regulation would result in administrative liabilities including but not limited to informed criticism.

We rely on a limited number of suppliers for some of our laboratory devices and may not be able to find replacements or immediately transition to alternative suppliers. A significant interruption in the operations of our suppliers could potentially affect our operations and any material misconduct or disputes against our suppliers could potentially harm our business and reputation.

We rely on several suppliers for certain equipment and laboratory materials used in the chemical reactions incorporated into our processes, reagents, sequencing platforms and other materials which we use in our operations. In 2017 and 2018, we purchased the majority of our laboratory equipment and supplies from our top three suppliers. An interruption in our operations could occur if we encounter delays or difficulties in securing these reagents, sequencers, or other laboratory materials, and if we cannot then obtain an acceptable substitute. Any such interruption could negatively impact research and development and launches of new services, and significantly affect our business, financial condition, results of operations, and reputation. In addition, any material misconduct or disputes against our suppliers could potentially affect our business and reputation.

We believe that there are only a few other qualified equipment manufacturers that are currently capable of supplying and servicing the equipment necessary for our laboratory operations. The use of equipment or materials furnished by these replacement suppliers would require us to significantly alter our laboratory operations. Transitioning to a new supplier would be time-consuming and expensive, may result in interruptions in our laboratory operations and would likely affect the performance specifications of our laboratory operations. There can be no assurance that we would be able to secure alternative equipment, reagents, sequencing platforms

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and other materials without experiencing interruptions in our workflow. In the case of an alternative supplier, there can be no assurance that the equipment or materials supplied would be available or meet our quality control and performance requirements for our laboratory operations. If we should encounter delay or difficulties in securing, reconfiguring, or revalidating the equipment, our business financial condition, results of operation, and reputation could be adversely affected.

We rely on third-party suppliers for certain of our raw materials, medical devices and components, and if shipments from these suppliers are delayed or interrupted, or if the quality of the materials, medical devices, or components supplied do not meet our requirements, we may not be able to launch, manufacture, or ship our products in a timely manner, or at all. In addition, we may not always source raw materials and equipment on commercial reasonable terms.

We require customized, precision-manufactured sub-assemblies, components, and materials that currently are available from a limited number of sources, and, in the case of some sub-assemblies, components, and materials, from only a single source. If deliveries from these vendors are delayed or interrupted for any reason, or if we are otherwise unable to secure a sufficient supply, we may not be able to obtain these sub-assemblies, components, or materials on a timely basis or in sufficient quantities or at satisfactory qualities, or at all, in order to meet demand for our precision oncology services and products. We may need to enter into contractual relationships with manufacturers for commercial-scale production of some of our products and supplies, in whole or in part, or develop these capabilities internally, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to do this on a timely basis, in sufficient quantities, or on commercially reasonable terms, especially the increase in price of equipment and raw materials would directly affect our financial results. In addition, the lead time needed to establish a relationship with a new supplier can be lengthy, and we may experience delays in meeting demand in the event we must switch to a new supplier. The time and effort required to qualify a new supplier could result in additional costs, diversion of resources, or reduced manufacturing yields, any of which would negatively impact our operating results. Accordingly, we may not be able to establish or maintain reliable, high-volume manufacturing at commercially reasonable costs or at all. In addition, the manufacture or shipment of our products may be delayed or interrupted if the quality of the products, sub-assemblies, components, or materials supplied by our vendors does not meet our requirements. Current or future social and environmental regulations or critical issues, the need to eliminate environmentally sensitive materials from our products, could restrict the supply of components and materials used in production or increase our costs. Any delay or interruption to our manufacturing or shipping our products could result in lost revenue, which would adversely affect our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

If we encounter difficulties enrolling patients or collect samples in our clinical studies, our research and development activities could be delayed or otherwise adversely affected.

The timely completion of clinical studies in accordance with protocols depends, among other things, on our ability to enroll a sufficient number of patients who remain in the trial until its conclusion or sufficient samples. We may experience difficulties in patient enrolment in our clinical trials for a variety of reasons, including:

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In addition, our clinical trials may compete with our competitors’ clinical trials for cancer genomic testing product candidates that are in the same areas as our cancer genomic testing product candidates. Such competition will reduce the number and types of patients or samples available to us. Even if we are able to enrol a sufficient number of patients or samples in our clinical trials, delays in patient enrolment may result in increased costs or may affect the timing or outcome of the planned clinical trials, which could prevent completion of these trials and adversely affect our ability to advance the development of our cancer genomic testing product candidates.

Our success depends on our ability to provide reliable, high-quality genomic data and analysis and to rapidly evolve to meet our customers’ needs. If our products, or cancer genomic testing services and products available in the market in general, do not meet the expectations of customers, our operating results, reputation and business could suffer.

Errors, including if our tests fail to accurately detect gene variants, or mistakes, including if we fail to or incompletely or incorrectly identify the significance of gene variants, could have a significant adverse impact on our business. We classify variants in accordance with guidelines that are subject to change and subject to our interpretation. There can also be flaws in the databases, third-party tools, algorithms we use, and in the software that handle automated parts of our classification protocol. If we receive poor quality or degraded samples, our tests may be unable to accurately detect gene variants or we may fail to or incompletely or incorrectly identify the significance of gene variants, which could have a significant adverse impact on our business. In addition, patients usually rely on the interpretations of doctors or physicians to read our testing reports and we are not able to ensure the interpretation will be correct and completed. Inaccurate results or misunderstandings of, or inappropriate reliance on, the information we provide to our customers could lead to, or be associated with, side effects or adverse events in patients who use our tests, including treatment-related death, and could lead to termination of our services or claims against us. A product liability or professional liability claim could result in substantial damages and be costly and time-consuming for us to defend.

We do not maintain liability insurance, including for errors and omissions, and professional liability. Any liability claim, including an errors and omissions liability claim, brought against us, with or without merit, could increase our insurance rates or prevent us from securing insurance coverage in the future. Additionally, any liability lawsuit could cause injury to our reputation or cause us to suspend sales of our tests or cause a suspension of our license to operate. The occurrence of any of these events could have an adverse effect on our business, reputation and results of operations.

In addition, our success depends on the market’s confidence in cancer genomic testing services and products in general. if other genetic based precision oncology products do not perform to expectations, it may result in lower confidence in our industry in general and will then adversely affect our business.

If our current research collaborators terminate their relationships with us or develop relationships with a competitor, our ability to discover genes, proteins, and biomarkers, and to validate and commercialize molecular diagnostic and companion diagnostic tests could be adversely affected.

The responsibility of overseeing research and development of our services and products is concentrated among a number of key research collaborators. There can be no assurance that there will not be a detrimental impact on us if one or more of these key research collaborators were to cease relationship or employment with us, potentially as a result of lateral recruitment by existing or new competitors. As a result, this may adversely affect our ability to discover genes, proteins, and biomarkers, and to validate and commercialize molecular diagnostic and companion diagnostic tests.

Furthermore, our ability to continue to conduct and expand operations depends on our ability to attract and retain a large and growing number of personnel. The ability to meet our expertise needs, including the ability to find qualified personnel to fill positions that become vacant at our research and development department or to collaborate with us in research and development efforts, while controlling our costs, is generally subject to

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numerous external factors, including the availability of a sufficient number of qualified persons in the cancer genomics markets in which our business operates, the unemployment levels within those markets, prevailing wage rates, changing demographics, health and other insurance costs and adoption of new or revised employment and labor laws and regulations. If we are unable to locate, to attract or to retain qualified personnel, the quality of services and products provided to customers may decrease and our financial performance may be adversely affected. In addition, if costs of labor or related costs to maintain relationships with research collaborators increase for other reasons or if new or revised labor laws, rules or regulations or healthcare laws are adopted or implemented that further increase labor costs, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

We may fail to maintain sufficient marketing and sales capabilities.

We mainly rely on our in-house specialized sales and marketing team to directly market and sell our services and products. Maintaining such in-house teams may require significant expenses, management resources and time. We will have to compete with other life sciences, clinical genomics, and pharmaceutical companies to recruit, hire, train and retain suitable personnel. We also continuously train our in-house sale force to ensure them to implement sales and marketing efficiently and in compliance with laws and regulations as well as our internal policies.

In addition to our direct sales, we also sell our products to hospitals through our distributors. We may have little control over the marketing and sales efforts of such third parties, and our revenue from distributor sales may be lower than commercializing ourselves.

There can be no assurance that we will be able to develop in-house sales and commercial distribution capabilities or establish or maintain relationships with third-party collaborators to successfully commercialize any services or products, and as a result, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely effected if we are unable to generate sales revenue.

Reimbursement may not be immediately available for our services and products, which could diminish our sales or affect our profitability.

China has a complex medical insurance system that is currently undergoing reform. Governmental insurance coverage or the reimbursement rates in China for treatments using new medical devices and healthcare services are subject to uncertainty and vary from region to region, as local government approvals for such coverage must be obtained in each geographic region. In addition, the PRC government may change, reduce or eliminate the governmental insurance coverage currently available for treatments based on a number of factors, including price and efficacy.

Currently, our services and products are not eligible for reimbursement. Therefore, our customers need to bear the test prices themselves. The limitation on reimbursement of our service and products will adversely affect our sales, profitability and growth.

RISKS RELATING TO OUR OPERATIONS

We may encounter difficulties in managing our growth and expanding our operations successfully.

As we seek to advance our services and products through continued research and development effort, we will need to expand our development, regulatory, manufacturing, marketing and sales capabilities or contract with third parties to provide these capabilities for us. As our operations expand, we expect that we will need to manage additional relationships with various strategic partners, suppliers and other third parties. Future growth will impose significant added responsibilities on members of management. Our future financial performance and our ability to commercialize our services and products and to compete effectively will depend, in part, on our

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ability to manage any future growth effectively. To that end, we must be able to manage our development and commercialization efforts effectively and hire, train and integrate additional management, administrative and sales and marketing personnel. We may not be able to accomplish these tasks, and our failure to accomplish any of them could prevent us from successfully growing our company.

In addition, as our business enter into new geographic regions, we will invest substantial resources and face new operational risks and challenges associated with the business, economic and regulatory environment that we are not familiar with. We will be required, among other things, to understand and comply with the local regulations, to partner with local healthcare industry, and to meet the expectations of local customers.

If we are unable to support demand for our existing or future precision oncology services and products, including ensuring that we have adequate capacity to meet increased demand, our business could suffer.

As our volume grows, we will need to continue to increase our workflow capacity for sample intake, customer service, billing, and general process improvements; expand our internal quality assurance program; and extend our services and products to support comprehensive genomic analysis at a larger scale within expected turnaround times. We will need additional certified laboratory scientists and technicians and other scientific and technical personnel to process higher volumes of our services. Portions of our process are not automated and will require additional personnel to scale. We will also need to purchase additional equipment, some of which can take several months or more to procure, set up, and validate, and increase our software and computing capacity to meet increased demand. The expansion of our operations or hiring of additional personnel may lead to significant costs and divert our management attentions and development resources. There is no assurance that any of these increases in scale, expansion of personnel, equipment, software and computing capacities, or process enhancements will be successfully implemented, or that we will have adequate space in our laboratory facilities to accommodate such required expansion.

As we commercialize additional services, we will need to incorporate new equipment, implement new technology systems and laboratory processes, and hire new personnel with different qualifications. Failure to manage this growth or transition could result in turnaround time delays, higher service costs, declining service quality, deteriorating customer service, and slower responses to competitive challenges. A failure in any one of these areas could make it difficult for us to meet market expectations for our services, and could damage our reputation and the prospects for our business.

We may not be able to attract and retain key senior management members and research and development personnel.

Our future success depends upon the continuing services of members of our senior management team and key research and development personnel and consultants. In particular, Mr. Sizhen Wang, our Chief Executive Officer, Dr. Hai Yan, our Chief Scientific Officer, Dr. Yuchen Jiao, our Chief Technology Officer, Mr. Evan Ce Xu, our Chief Financial Officer, and Mr. Kevin Ying Hong, our Chief Operating Officer are crucial to our research and development and operations. Although we typically require our key personals to enter into non-compete and confidentiality agreement with us, we cannot prevent they join our competitor after the non-compete period. The loss of their services could adversely impact our ability to achieve our business objectives. If one or more of our senior management or key clinical and scientific personnel are unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions or joins a competitor or forms a competing company, we may not be able to replace them in a timely manner or at all, which will have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We do not maintain “key person” insurance for any of our executives or other employees.

In addition, the continued growth of our business depends on our ability to hire additional qualified personnel with expertise in molecular biology, chemistry, biological information processing, software, engineering, sales, marketing, and technical support. We compete for qualified management and scientific

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personnel with other life science and technology companies, universities, and research institutions in the PRC and overseas. Competition for these individuals is intense, and the turnover rate can be high. Failure to attract and retain management and scientific and engineering personnel could prevent us from pursuing collaborations or developing our services and products or technologies.

We have adopted a share incentive plan. We have granted and will continue to grant share-based awards in the future, which may have an adverse effect on our future profit. Exercise of the awards granted will increase the number of our shares in circulation, which may adversely affect the market price of our shares.

We adopted a share incentive plan in July 2019, which we refer to as the 2019 Plan in this prospectus, to enhance our ability to attract and retain exceptionally qualified individuals and to encourage them to acquire a proprietary interest in the growth and performance of us. The maximum aggregate number of ordinary shares we are authorized to issue pursuant to all awards under the 2019 Plan is 33,961,500 ordinary shares. As of the date of this prospectus, we have granted 12,416,500 awards to purchase up to 12,416,500 ordinary shares under the 2019 Plan. See “Management—Share Incentive Plan.”

We believe the granting of share-based awards is of significant importance to our ability to attract and retain key personnel and employees, and we will continue to grant share-based compensation to employees in the future. As a result, our expenses associated with share-based compensation may increase, which may have an adverse effect on our results of operations.

If our laboratory facilities become contaminated, damaged or inoperable, or we are required to vacate the facility, our ability to sell and provide our services and pursue our research and development efforts may be jeopardized.

We currently derive our revenues from our genomic analysis conducted in our laboratories located in Beijing, Shanghai, Hangzhou and Chongqing. Although all of our laboratory facilities have back-up measures, the data and samples stored in our laboratory facilities are still subject to various risks beyond our control. While our multi-location laboratories help us weather operational breakdowns at any one location, our facilities and equipment could be harmed or rendered inoperable by natural or man-made disasters, including fires, earthquakes, flooding, and power outages, which may render it difficult or impossible for us to sell or perform our services for some period of time. The inability to sell or to perform our diagnostic and other services, or the backlog of samples that could develop if our facility is inoperable for even a short period of time, may result in the loss of customers or harm to our reputation or relationships with scientific or clinical collaborators, and we may be unable to regain those customers or repair our reputation or such relationships in the future. Furthermore, our facilities and the equipment used to perform our services and our research and development work could be costly and time-consuming to repair or replace.

Additionally, a key component of our research and development process involves using biological samples as the basis for the development of our services. In some cases, these samples are difficult to obtain. If the parts of our laboratory facility where we store these biological samples were damaged or compromised, our ability to pursue our research and development projects, as well as our reputation, could be jeopardized.

We may pursue collaborations, in-licensing or out-license arrangements, joint ventures, strategic alliances, partnerships or other strategic investment or arrangements, which may fail to produce anticipated benefits and adversely affect our operations.

We may pursue opportunities for collaboration, in-licensing, out-license, joint ventures, acquisitions of products, assets or technology, strategic alliances, or partnerships that we believe would be complementary to or promote our existing business. In particular, we intend to continue to pursue growth through the acquisition of technology, assets or other businesses that may enable us to enhance our technologies and capabilities, expand

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our geographic market, add experienced management personnel and increase our test offerings. Proposing, negotiating and implementing these opportunities may be a lengthy and complex process. Other companies, including those with substantially greater financial, marketing, sales, technology, or other business resources, may compete with us for these opportunities or arrangements. We may not be able to identify, secure, or complete any such transactions or arrangements in a timely manner, on a cost-effective basis, on acceptable terms, or at all.

We have limited experience with respect to these business development activities. Management and integration of a licensing arrangement, collaboration, joint venture or other strategic arrangement may disrupt our current operations, decrease our profitability, result in significant expenses, or divert management resources that otherwise would be available for our existing business. We may not realize the anticipated benefits of any such transaction or arrangement.

Furthermore, partners, collaborators, or other parties to such transactions or arrangements may fail to fully perform their obligations or meet our expectations or cooperate with us satisfactorily for various reasons and subject us to potential risks, including the followings:

Any such transactions or arrangements may also require actions, consents, approval, waiver, participation or involvement of various degrees from third parties, such as regulators, government authorities, creditors, licensors or licensees, related individuals, suppliers, distributors, shareholders or other stakeholders or interested parties. There is no assurance that such third parties will be cooperative as we desire, or at all, in which case we may be unable to carry out the relevant transactions or arrangements.

Any failure to maintain effective quality control over our products and services could materially adversely affect our business.

The quality of our services and products is critical to the success of our business, and such quality to a large extent depends on the effectiveness of our quality control system. We have developed a rigorous quality control system that enables us to monitor each stage of the production process. Our laboratory facilities have received the CAP accreditation and NCCL EQA Certification.

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However, despite our quality control management system, we cannot eliminate the risk of errors, defects or failures. We may fail to detect or cure defects as a result of a number of factors, many of which are outside our control, including:

Failure to detect quality defects in our products could result in patient injury, customer dissatisfaction, or other problems that could seriously harm our reputation and business, expose us to liability, and adversely affect our revenue and profitability.

Business disruptions could seriously harm our future revenue and financial condition and increase our costs and expenses.

Our operations, and those of our third-party research institution collaborators, suppliers and other contractors, could be subjected to earthquakes, power shortages, telecommunications failures, water shortages, floods, hurricanes, typhoons, fires, extreme weather conditions, medical epidemics and other natural or man-made disasters or business interruptions, for which we are predominantly self-insured. In addition, we partially rely on our third-party research institution collaborators for conducting research and development, and they may be affected by government shutdowns or withdrawn funding. The occurrence of any of these business disruptions could seriously harm our operations and financial condition and increase our costs and expenses.

Our employees, third-party suppliers, consultants and commercial partners may engage in misconduct or other improper activities, including non-compliance with regulatory standards and requirements.

We are exposed to the risk of fraud or other misconduct by our employees, third-party suppliers, consultants and commercial partners. Misconduct by these parties could include intentional failures to comply with the regulations of the NMPA and overseas regulators that have jurisdictions over us, comply with healthcare fraud and abuse laws and regulations in China and abroad, report financial information or data accurately or disclose unauthorized activities to us. In particular, sales, marketing, and business arrangements in the healthcare industry are subject to extensive laws and regulations intended to prevent fraud, misconduct, kickbacks, self-dealing and other abusive practices. These laws and regulations may restrict or prohibit a wide range of pricing, discounting, marketing and promotion, sales commission, customer incentive programs and other business arrangements. Such misconduct could also involve the improper use of information obtained in the course of clinical studies, which could result in regulatory sanctions and cause serious harm to our reputation. We currently have a code of conduct applicable to all of our employees, but it is not always possible to identify and deter employee misconduct, and our code of conduct and the other precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in controlling unknown or unmanaged risks or losses, or in protecting us from governmental investigations or other actions or lawsuits stemming from a failure to comply with these laws or regulations. If any such actions are instituted against us, and we are not successful in defending ourselves or asserting our rights, those actions could result in the imposition of significant civil, criminal and administrative penalties, including, without limitation, damages, monetary fines, individual imprisonment, disgorgement of profits, contractual damages, reputational harm, diminished profits and future earnings, additional reporting or oversight obligations if we become subject to a corporate integrity agreement or other agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with the law and curtailment or restructuring of our operations, which could have a significant impact on our business. Whether or not we are successful in defending against such actions or investigations, we could incur substantial costs, including legal fees and divert the attention of management in defending ourselves against any of these claims or investigations.

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Our business depends on a strong brand, and failing to maintain and enhance our brand would adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We believe that maintaining and enhancing our brand identity and increasing market awareness of our company and products, particularly among clinicians and biopharmaceutical companies, is critical to achieving widespread acceptance of our services and products, to strengthening our relationships with our existing clients and to our ability to attract new clients. The successful promotion of our brand will depend largely on our ability to continue to offer high-quality services and products and our research and development efforts. Our brand promotion activities may not be successful or yield increased revenue.

In addition, if clients deem our testing results not accurate, then our brand and reputation may suffer, clients may lose confidence in us and they may reduce or cease their use of our services and products. Our clients may post and discuss on social media about our services and products. Our reputation depends, in part, on our ability to generate positive feedback and minimize negative feedback on social media channels where existing and potential clients seek and share information. If actions we take or changes we make to our services or products upset these clients, then their online commentary could negatively affect our brand and reputation. Complaints or negative publicity about us, our services or products could materially and adversely impact our ability to attract and retain clients, our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The promotion of our brand also requires us to make expenditures, and we anticipate that these expenditures will increase as our market becomes more competitive. To the extent that these activities increase revenue, this revenue still may not be enough to offset the increased expenses we incur. If we do not successfully maintain and enhance our brand, then our business may not grow, we may see our pricing power reduced relative to competitors and we may lose clients, all of which would adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We depend on our information technology and other technology systems for significant elements of our operations, and any failure of the technology could harm our business.

We depend on our information technology for significant elements of our operations, including automation for the analysis of our bioinformation and automatically unpack the analyzed DNA data parameters to an automatically generated data report. We have also installed, and expect to expand, a number of enterprise software systems that affect a broad range of business processes and functional areas, including, for example, systems handling financial reporting and controls, customer relationship management, laboratory information management system, and other infrastructure operations.

Our information and other technology systems are vulnerable to damage from a variety of sources, including telecommunications or network failures, malicious or inadvertent human acts and natural disasters. Our servers are potentially vulnerable to physical or electronic break-ins, employee errors, computer viruses and similar disruptive problems. Despite the precautionary measures we have taken to prevent unanticipated problems that could affect our information technology and telecommunications systems, failures or significant downtime of our information technology or telecommunications systems or those used by our third-party service providers could prevent us from conducting tests, preparing and providing reports to our customers, billing customers, collecting revenue, handling inquiries from our customers, conducting research and development activities, and managing the administrative aspects of our business. Any disruption or loss of information technology or telecommunications systems on which critical aspects of our operations depend could have an adverse effect on our business.

Our business, financial condition and results of operations, as well as our ability to obtain financing, may be adversely affected by a downturn in the global or China’s economy.

The global macroeconomic environment is facing challenges, including the economic slowdown in the Eurozone since 2014 and uncertainties over the impact of Brexit. The growth of the China’s economy has slowed

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down since 2012 compared to the previous decade and the trend may continue. According to the National Bureau of Statistics of China, China’s gross domestic product (GDP) growth was 6.6% in 2018. There is considerable uncertainty over the long-term effects of the expansionary monetary and fiscal policies adopted by the central banks and financial authorities of some of the world’s leading economies, including the United States and China. There have been concerns over unrest and terrorist threats in the Middle East, Europe and Africa. There have also been concerns on the relationship between China and the United States, including those resulting from the ongoing trade dispute between the two countries, which may potentially lead to foreign investors closing down their business or withdrawing their investment in China and thus exiting the China market, and other economic effects. Economic conditions in China are sensitive to global economic conditions, as well as changes in domestic economic and political policies and the expected or perceived overall economic growth rate in China.

Any prolonged slowdown in the global or China’s economy may have a negative impact on our business, results of operations and financial condition, and continued turbulence in the international markets may adversely affect our ability to access the capital markets to meet liquidity needs. Our clients may reduce or delay spending with us, while we may have difficulty expanding our client base fast enough, or at all, to offset the impact of decreased spending by our existing clients. In addition, to the extent we offer credit to any client and the client experiences financial difficulties due to the economic slowdown, we could have difficulty collecting payment from the clients. Moreover, a slowdown or disruption in the global or China’s economy may have a material and adverse impact on the financing available to us. The weakness in the economy could erode investor confidence, which constitutes the basis of the credit market.

We are subject to changing law and regulations regarding regulatory matters, corporate governance and public disclosure that have increased both our costs and the risk of non-compliance.

We are subject to rules and regulations by various governing bodies, including, for example, the Securities and Exchange Commission, which is charged with the protection of investors and the oversight of companies whose securities are publicly traded, and the various regulatory authorities in China and the Cayman Islands, and to new and evolving regulatory measures under applicable law. Our efforts to comply with new and changing laws and regulations have resulted in and are likely to continue to result in, increased general and administrative expenses and a diversion of management time and attention from revenue-generating activities to compliance activities.

Moreover, because these laws, regulations and standards are subject to varying interpretations, their application in practice may evolve over time as new guidance becomes available. This evolution may result in continuing uncertainty regarding compliance matters and additional costs necessitated by ongoing revisions to our disclosure and governance practices. If we fail to address and comply with these regulations and any subsequent changes, we may be subject to penalty and our business may be harmed.

Allegations or lawsuits against us or our management may harm our reputation and business.

We have been, and may in the future be, subject to allegations or lawsuits brought by our competitors, clients, employees or other individuals or entities, including claims of breach of contract.

In addition, we may be subject to product liability claims alleging that our service and products identified inaccurate or incomplete information regarding the genomic alterations of the tumor or malignancy analyzed, reported inaccurate or incomplete information concerning the available therapies for a certain type of cancer or otherwise failed to perform as designed. We may also be subject to liability for errors in, a misunderstanding of or inappropriate reliance upon, the information we provide in the ordinary course of our business activities.

Any such allegation or lawsuits, with or without merit, or any perceived unfair, unethical, fraudulent or inappropriate business practice by us or perceived malfeasance by our management could incur substantial

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expenses, delay or suspend our ongoing clinical trial, cause the withdrawal of clinical participants, harm our reputation, distract our management from our daily operations and result in other negative results. Allegations or lawsuits against us may also generate negative publicity that significantly harms our reputation, which may materially and adversely affect our user base and our ability to attract customers. In addition to the related cost, managing and defending litigation and related indemnity obligations can significantly divert management’s attention. We may also need to pay damages or settle the litigation with a substantial amount of cash. All of these could have a material adverse impact on our business, results of operation and cash flows.

If we fail to implement and maintain an effective system of internal controls, we may be unable to accurately or timely report our results of operations or prevent fraud, and investor confidence and the market price of our ADSs may be materially and adversely affected.

Prior to this offering, we were a private company with limited accounting personnel and other resources with which to address our internal controls and procedures. Our management has not completed an assessment of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting, and our independent registered public accounting firm has not conducted an audit of our internal control over financial reporting. In the course of auditing our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2017 and for the year ended December 31, 2018, we and our independent registered public accounting firm identified two material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting and other control deficiencies as of December 31, 2017 and 2018. A “material weakness” is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting, such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of the company’s annual or interim financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. The material weaknesses identified relate to:

We have taken measures and plan to continue to take measures to remedy the material weaknesses. For details, please refer to “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Internal Control over Financial Reporting.” The implementation of these measures may not fully address the material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, and we cannot conclude that they have been fully remedied. Our failure to correct theses material weaknesses or our failure to discover and address any other material weaknesses could result in inaccuracies in our financial statements and could also impair our ability to comply with applicable financial reporting requirements and related regulatory filings on a timely basis.

Upon the completion of this offering, we will become a public company in the United States subject to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or Section 404, will require that we include a report from management on our internal control over financial reporting in our annual report on Form 20-F beginning with our annual report in our second annual report on Form 20-F after becoming a public company. In addition, once we cease to be an “emerging growth company” as such term is defined in the JOBS Act, our independent registered public accounting firm must attest to and report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Our management may conclude that our internal control over financial reporting is not effective. Moreover, even if our management concludes that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, our independent registered public accounting firm, after conducting its own independent testing, may issue a report that is qualified if it is not satisfied with our internal controls or the level at which our controls are documented, designed, operated or reviewed, or if it interprets the relevant requirements differently from us. In addition, after we become a public company, our reporting obligations may place a significant strain on our management, operational and financial resources and systems for the foreseeable future. We may be unable to timely complete our evaluation testing and any required remediation.

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During the course of documenting and testing our internal control procedures, in order to satisfy the requirements of Section 404, we may identify weaknesses and deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting. In addition, if we fail to maintain the adequacy of our internal control over financial reporting, as these standards are modified, supplemented or amended from time to time, we may not be able to conclude on an ongoing basis that we have effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404. Generally speaking, if we fail to achieve and maintain an effective internal control environment, we could suffer material misstatements in our financial statements and fail to meet our reporting obligations, which would likely cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information. This could, in turn, limit our access to capital markets, harm our results of operations and lead to a decline in the trading price of our ADSs. Additionally, ineffective internal control over financial reporting could expose us to increased risk of fraud or misuse of corporate assets and subject us to potential delisting from the stock exchange on which we list, regulatory investigations and civil or criminal sanctions.

We have limited insurance coverage, and any claims beyond our insurance coverage may result in us incurring substantial costs and a diversion of resources.

The insurance companies in China currently offer limited business-related insurance products. We do not maintain business interruption insurance or general third-party liability insurance, nor do we maintain product liability insurance or key-man insurance. We consider this practice to be reasonable in light of the nature of our business and the insurance products that are available in China and in line with the practices of other companies in the same industry of similar size in China. Any uninsured risks may result in substantial costs and the diversion of resources, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We face risks related to health epidemics, severe weather conditions and other outbreaks.

Our business could be adversely affected by the effects of avian influenza, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), the influenza A virus, Ebola virus, severe weather conditions or other epidemics or outbreaks. Health or other government regulations adopted in response to an epidemic, severe weather conditions such as snowstorms, floods or hazardous air pollution, or other outbreaks may require temporary closure of our offices. Such closures may disrupt our business operations and adversely affect our results of operations.

RISKS RELATING TO OUR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

We may be unsuccessful in obtaining or maintaining adequate intellectual property protection for one or more of our services and products, due to the failure of granting our patent applications or licensed patents, and issued intellectual properties covering one or more of our services and products could be found invalid or unenforceable if challenged in court or before administrative bodies.

Our commercial success will depend, in large part, on our ability to obtain, maintain and defend patent and other intellectual property protection with respect to our services and products. We cannot be certain that patents will be issued or granted with respect to our patent applications that are currently pending, or that issued or granted patents will not later be found to be invalid and/or unenforceable, be interpreted in a manner that does not adequately protect our services and products, or otherwise provide us with any competitive advantage. Additionally, the patent applications in respect of patents licensed under our in-license arrangements may not be issued or granted, and as a result, we may not be able to have adequate protection with respect to such patents. The patent position of life sciences, clinical genomics and pharmaceutical companies is generally uncertain because it involves complex legal and factual considerations. Patent applications we had applied may not be granted in the end. Moreover, some of our patents and patent applications are, and may in the future be, co-owed with third parties. If we are unable to obtain an exclusive license to any such third-party co-owned interest in such patents or patent applications, such co-owners may be able to license or transfer their rights to other third parties, including our competitors, and our competitors could market competing products and technology. In addition, we may need the cooperation of any such co-owners of our patents in order to enforce such patents

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against third parties, and such cooperation may not be provided to us. Any of the foregoing could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, business, financial conditions, results of operations and prospects. As such, we do not know the degree of future protection that we will have on our services and products and technology, if any, and a failure to obtain adequate intellectual property protection with respect to our services and products could have a material adverse impact on our business.

Despite the fact that we can take measures to obtain patent and other intellectual property protections with respect to our services and products, there can be no assurance that the existence, validity, enforceability, or scope of our intellectual property rights will not be challenged by a third party, or that we can obtain sufficient scope of claim in those patents to prevent a third party from competing against our services and products. For example, in an infringement proceeding, a court may decide that patent rights or other intellectual property rights owned by us are invalid or unenforceable, or may refuse to stop the other party from using the technology at issue on the ground that our patent rights or other intellectual property rights do not cover the technology in question. An adverse result in any litigation proceedings could put our patent, as well as any patents that may issue in the future from our pending patent applications, at risk of being invalidated, held unenforceable or interpreted narrowly. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation.

In addition, if we were to initiate legal proceedings against a third party to enforce a patent covering one of our services and products, the defendant could counterclaim that our patent is invalid and/or unenforceable. Grounds for a validity challenge could be an alleged failure to meet any of several statutory requirements, for example, lack of novelty, obviousness or non-enablement. Grounds for an unenforceability assertion could be an allegation that someone connected with prosecution of the patent withheld relevant information from the National Intellectual Property Administration, or the applicable foreign counterpart, or made a misleading statement, during prosecution. Although we believe that we have conducted our patent prosecution in accordance with the duty of candor and in good faith, the outcome following legal assertions of invalidity and unenforceability during patent litigation is unpredictable. With respect to the validity question, for example, we cannot be certain that there is no invalidating prior art, of which we and the patent examiner were unaware during prosecution. If a defendant were to prevail on a legal assertion of invalidity and/or unenforceability, we would lose at least part, and perhaps all, of the patent protection on our services and products. Even if a defendant does not prevail on a legal assertion of invalidity and/or unenforceability, our patent claims may be construed in a manner that would limit our ability to enforce such claims against the defendant and others.

Third parties may also raise similar claims before administrative bodies in the PRC or abroad, even outside the context of litigation. Such mechanisms include ex parte re-examination, inter partes review, post-grant review, derivation and equivalent proceedings, such as opposition proceedings. Such legal proceedings could result in revocation or amendment to our patents in such a way that they no longer cover and protect our services and products. The outcome following legal assertions of invalidity and unenforceability can be unpredictable. With respect to the validity of our patents, for example, we cannot be certain that there is no invalidating prior art of which we and the patent examiner were unaware during prosecution. If a defendant were to prevail on a legal assertion of invalidity and/or unenforceability, we may lose part or all of the patent protection on our services and products. Any loss of patent protection could have a material adverse impact on one or more of our services and products and our business.

We may become involved in lawsuits to protect or enforce our patents or other intellectual property, which could be expensive, time consuming and unsuccessful.

Competitors may infringe our patent rights or misappropriate or otherwise violate our intellectual property rights. To counter infringement or unauthorized use, we may be required to file infringement claims, which can be expensive and time consuming and divert the time and attention of our management and scientific personnel. Any claims we assert against perceived infringers could provoke these parties to assert counterclaims against us,

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alleging that we infringed their patents. In addition, in a patent infringement proceeding, there is a risk that a court will decide that a patent of ours is invalid or unenforceable, in whole or in part, and that we do not have the right to stop the other party from using the invention at issue. There is also a risk that, even if the validity of such patents is upheld, the court will construe the patent’s claims narrowly or decide that we do not have the right to stop the other party from using the invention at issue on the grounds that our patents do not cover the invention. An adverse outcome in a litigation or proceeding involving our patents could limit our ability to assert our patents against those parties or other competitors, and may curtail or preclude our ability to exclude third parties from making and selling similar or competitive products. Any of these occurrences could adversely affect our competitive business position, business prospects, and financial condition. Similarly, if we assert trademark infringement claims, a court may determine that the marks we have asserted are invalid or unenforceable, or that the party against whom we have asserted trademark infringement has superior rights to the marks in question. In this case, we could ultimately be forced to cease use of such trademarks.

In any infringement litigation, any award of monetary damages we receive may not be commercially valuable. Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during litigation. Moreover, there can be no assurance that we will have sufficient financial or other resources to file and pursue such infringement claims, which typically last for years before they are concluded. Even if we ultimately prevail in such claims, the monetary cost of such litigation and the diversion of the attention of our management and scientific personnel could outweigh any benefit we receive as a result of the proceedings.

Our commercial success depends significantly on our ability to operate without infringing upon the intellectual property rights of third parties.

The life sciences industry is subject to rapid technological change and substantial litigation regarding patent and other intellectual property rights. Our potential competitors in both the PRC and abroad, may have substantially greater resources and are likely to make substantial investments in patent portfolios and competing technologies, and may apply for or obtain patents that could prevent, limit or otherwise interfere with our ability to make, use and sell our products. Numerous third-party patents exist in fields relating to our products and technologies, and it is difficult for industry participants, including us, to identify all third-party patent rights relevant to our products and technologies. Moreover, because some patent applications are maintained as confidential for a certain period of time, we cannot be certain that third parties have not filed patent applications that cover our products and technologies.

Patents could be issued to third parties that we may ultimately be found to infringe. Third parties may have or obtain valid and enforceable patents or proprietary rights that could block us from using our technology. Our failure to obtain or maintain a license to any technology that we require may materially harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. Furthermore, we would be exposed to a threat of litigation.

Third-party intellectual property right holders may also actively bring infringement or other intellectual property-related claims against us, even if we have received patent protection for our technologies, products, and services. Regardless of the merit of third parties claims against us for infringement, misappropriation or violations of their intellectual property rights, such third parties may seek and obtain injunctive or other equitable relief, which could effectively block our ability to perform our tests. Further, if a patent infringement suit were brought against us, we could be forced to stop or delay our development or sales of any tests or other activities that are the subject of such suit. Defense of these claims, even if such claims are resolved in our favor, could cause us to incur substantial expenses and be a substantial diversion of our employee resources even if we are ultimately successful. Any adverse ruling or perception of an adverse ruling in defending ourselves could have a material adverse impact on our cash position and stock price. Such litigation or proceedings could substantially increase our operating losses and reduce the resources available for development activities or any future sales, marketing, or distribution activities. We may not have sufficient financial or other resources to conduct such litigation or proceedings adequately. Some of our competitors may be able to sustain the costs of such litigation

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or proceedings more effectively than we can because of their greater financial resources and more mature and developed intellectual property portfolios.

Furthermore, because of the substantial amount of discovery required in connection with intellectual property litigation in the United States, there is a risk that some of our confidential information could be compromised by disclosure during this type of litigation. There could also be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments, which could have a material adverse effect on the price of our ADSs. If securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a material adverse effect on the price of our common stock. The occurrence of any of these events may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operation, financial condition or cash flows.

Obtaining and maintaining patent protection depends on compliance with various procedural, document submission, fee payment and other requirements imposed by governmental patent agencies, and our patent protection could be reduced or eliminated for non-compliance with these requirements.

The National Intellectual Property Administration of China, or the NIPA, and various foreign governmental patent agencies require compliance with a number of procedural, documentary, fee payment and other provisions during the patent application and prosecution process. Periodic maintenance fees, renewal fees, annuity fees, and various other governmental fees on patents and/or applications will be due to be paid to the NIPA and various other governmental patent agencies outside of China in several stages over the lifetime of the patents and/or applications. We employ reputable professionals and rely on such third parties to help us comply with these requirements and effect payment of these fees with respect to the patents and patent applications that we own. Noncompliance events that could result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent application include failure to respond to official communications within prescribed time limits, non-payment of fees and failure to properly legalize and submit formal documents. In many cases, an inadvertent lapse can be cured by payment of a late fee or by other means in accordance with the applicable rules. However, there are situations in which noncompliance can result in abandonment or lapse of a patent or patent application, resulting in loss of patent rights in the relevant jurisdiction. In such an event, competitors might be able to enter the market earlier than would otherwise have been the case, which could have a material adverse effect on our competitive position, business, financial condition, results of operations, and prospects.

Confidentiality agreements with employees and third parties may not prevent unauthorized disclosure of trade secrets and other proprietary information.

We seek to protect our intellectual property and proprietary technologies, in part, by entering into agreements, including confidentiality agreements and non-disclosure agreements, with parties that have access to them, such as our employees, consultants, academic institutions, corporate partners and, other third-party service providers. Nevertheless, there can be no guarantee that an employee or a third party will not make an unauthorized disclosure of our proprietary confidential information. This might happen intentionally or inadvertently. It is possible that a competitor will make use of such information, and that our competitive position will be compromised, in spite of any legal action we might take against persons making such unauthorized disclosures. In addition, to the extent that our employees, consultants or contractors use intellectual property owned by others in their work for us, disputes may arise as to the rights in related or resulting know-how and inventions.

Trade secrets are difficult to protect. Although we use reasonable efforts to protect our trade secrets, our employees, consultants, contractors or business partners might intentionally or inadvertently disclose our trade secret information to competitors or our trade secrets may otherwise be misappropriated. Enforcing a claim that a third party illegally obtained and is using any of our trade secrets is expensive and time consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable.

We sometimes engage individuals or research institutions to conduct research relevant to our business. The ability of these individuals or research institutions to publish or otherwise publicly disclose data and other

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information generated during the course of their research is subject to certain contractual limitations. These contractual provisions may be insufficient or inadequate to protect our confidential information. If we do not apply for patent protection prior to such publication, or if we cannot otherwise maintain the confidentiality of our proprietary technology and other confidential information, then our ability to obtain patent protection or to protect our trade secret information may be jeopardized, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Intellectual property rights do not necessarily protect us from all potential threats to our competitive advantage.

The degree of future protection afforded by our intellectual property rights is uncertain because intellectual property rights have limitations, and may not adequately protect our business, or permit us to maintain our competitive advantage. The following examples are illustrative:

Any of the aforementioned threats to our competitive advantage could have a material adverse effect on our business.

Patent terms may not be sufficient to effectively protect our services and products and business.

In most countries in which we plan to file applications for patents, the term of an issued patent is generally 10 to 20 years from the earliest claimed filing date if a non-provisional patent application in the applicable country. Although various extensions may be available, the life of a patent and the protection it affords are limited. Even if patents covering our services and products are obtained, we may be open to competition from other companies once our patent rights expire. Furthermore, there is no currently effective law or regulation providing patent term extension in China.

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As of the date of this prospectus, we had been granted four invention patents in China. Our invention patents have expiration dates ranging from November 2032 to April 2037. We also have 17 pending patent applications in China and three international patents applications under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) as of the date of this prospectus. If patents are issued on these pending patent applications, the resulting patents will be expected to expire ranging from September 2035 to July 2038, excluding any potential patent term extension or adjustment. Upon expiration of our issued patent or patents that may issue from our pending patent application, we will not be able to assert such patent rights against potential competitors and our business and results of operation may be adversely affected.

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights throughout the world.

Filing, prosecuting and defending patents on our products in all countries throughout the world would be prohibitively expensive. We may also encounter difficulties in protecting and defending such rights in foreign jurisdictions. Consequently, we may not be able to prevent third parties from practicing our inventions in all countries outside the jurisdictions of the registration of our intellectual properties. Competitors may use our technologies in jurisdictions where we have not obtained patent protection to develop their own products. Our patents or other intellectual property rights may not be effective or sufficient to prevent them from competing.

Many companies have encountered significant problems in protecting and defending intellectual property rights in foreign jurisdictions. The legal systems of many other countries do not favor the enforcement of patents and other intellectual property protection , which could make it difficult for us to stop the infringement of our patents in such countries.

Proceedings to enforce our patent rights in foreign jurisdictions could result in substantial cost and divert our efforts and attention from other aspects of our business, could put our patents at risk of being invalidated or interpreted narrowly and our patent applications at risk of not issuing, and could provoke third parties to assert claims against us. We may not prevail in any lawsuits that we initiate and the damages or other remedies awarded, if any, may not be commercially meaningful. Accordingly, our efforts to enforce our intellectual property rights around the world may be inadequate to obtain a significant commercial advantage from the intellectual property that we develop or license.

We may not be able to protect and enforce our trademarks.

We currently hold issued trademark registrations and have trademark applications pending, any of which may be the subject of a governmental or third-party objection, which could prevent the registration or maintenance of the same. If we are unsuccessful in obtaining trademark protection for our primary brands, we may be required to change our brand names, which could materially adversely affect our business. Moreover, as our products mature, our reliance on our trademarks to differentiate us from our competitors will increase, and as a result, if we are unable to prevent third parties from adopting, registering or using trademarks and trade dress that infringe, dilute or otherwise violate our trademark rights, or engaging in conduct that constitutes unfair competition, defamation or other violation of our rights, our business could be materially adversely affected.

RISKS RELATING TO OUR CORPORATE STRUCTURE

If the PRC government finds that the contractual arrangements that establish the structure for operating our business in China do not comply with PRC laws and regulations, or if these regulations or their interpretations change in the future, we could be subjected to severe consequences, including the nullification of such agreements and the relinquishment of our interest in our VIE.

Current PRC laws and regulations impose certain restrictions or prohibitions on foreign ownership of companies that engage in the development and application of technologies for diagnosis and treatment of human stem cells and genes, which our precision oncology service relates to. Pursuant to the Special Administrative

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Measures (Negative List) issued by the NDRC and MOFCOM on June 30, 2019, which came into force on July 30, 2019, certain industries are specifically prohibited for foreign investment, including the development and application of technologies for diagnosis and treatment of human stem cells and genes. To comply with PRC laws and regulations, we conduct our cancer genomics business in China through VIE. We, through Genetron (Tianjin) Co., Ltd. (“WFOE”), our wholly owned subsidiary in China, entered into a series of contractual arrangements with our VIE and its ultimate shareholders, in order to (i) exercise effective control over our VIE, (ii) receive substantially all of the economic benefits of our VIE, and (iii) have an exclusive option to purchase all or part of the equity interests in our VIE when and to the extent permitted by PRC law. As a result of these contractual arrangements, we have control over and are the primary beneficiary of our VIE and hence consolidate its financial results under IFRS. Although the structure we have adopted is consistent with long-standing practice in certain industries, such as TMT industry, and is also adopted by some of our peers in China, the PRC government may not agree that these arrangements comply with PRC license, registration or other regulatory requirements, with existing policies, or with requirements or policies that may be adopted in the future. Our VIE hold the licenses, approvals and key assets that are essential for the operations of our precision oncology service businesses.

In the opinion of our PRC Legal Counsel, Shihui Partners, (i) the ownership structures of our VIE in China, currently do not, and immediately after giving effect to this offering, will not result in any violation of the applicable PRC laws or regulations currently in effect, and (ii) subject to the risks as disclosed in the section headed “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure”, the contractual arrangements between WFOE, our VIE and its respective equity holders governed by PRC laws are valid, binding and enforceable in accordance with their terms and applicable PRC laws and regulations currently in effect and do not violate any applicable PRC laws, rule or regulation currently in effect. There are, however, substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current or future PRC laws and regulations. The relevant PRC regulatory authorities have broad discretion in determining whether a particular contractual structure violates PRC laws and regulations. Thus, we cannot assure you that the PRC government will not ultimately take a view contrary to the opinion of our PRC Legal Counsel. If we are found in violation of any PRC laws or regulations or if the contractual arrangements among WFOE, our VIE and its respective equity holders are determined as illegal or invalid by any PRC court, arbitral tribunal or regulatory authorities, the relevant governmental authorities would have broad discretion in dealing with such violation, including, without limitation:

Furthermore, any of the assets under the name of any record holder of equity interest in VIE , including such equity interest, may be put under court custody in connection with litigation, arbitration or other judicial or

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dispute resolution proceedings against that record holder. We cannot be certain that the equity interest will be disposed of in accordance with the contractual arrangements. In addition, new PRC laws, rules and regulations may be introduced to impose additional requirements that may impose additional challenges to our corporate structure and contractual arrangements. The occurrence of any of these events or the imposition of any of these penalties may result in a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our precision oncology service business. In addition, if the imposition of any of these penalties causes us to be unable to direct the activities of such VIE and its subsidiaries or the right to receive their economic benefits, we would no longer be able to consolidate such VIE into our financial statements, thus adversely affecting our results of operation.

We rely on contractual arrangements with our VIE and its shareholders for our business operations, which may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing operational control.

We have relied and expect to continue to rely on contractual arrangements with our VIE and its shareholders to operate our business in China. For a description of these contractual arrangements, see “Corporate History and Structure—Contractual Arrangements with the VIE and its Shareholders.” These contractual arrangements may not be as effective as direct ownership in providing us with control over our VIE. For example, our VIE and their shareholders could breach their contractual arrangements with us by, among other things, failing to conduct their operations in an acceptable manner or taking other actions that are detrimental to our interests.

If we had direct ownership of our VIE in China, we would be able to exercise our rights as a shareholder to effect changes in the board of directors of our VIE, which in turn could implement changes, subject to any applicable fiduciary obligations, at the management and operational level. However, under the current contractual arrangements, we rely on the performance by our VIE and their shareholders of their obligations under the contracts to exercise control over our VIE. The shareholders of our VIE may not act in the best interests of our company or may not perform their obligations under these contracts. Such risks exist throughout the period in which we intend to operate certain portions of our business through the contractual arrangements with our VIE. If any dispute relating to these contracts remains unresolved, we will have to enforce our rights under these contracts through the operations of PRC law and arbitration, litigation and other legal proceedings and, therefore, will be subject to uncertainties in the PRC legal system. See “Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure—Any failure by our VIE or its shareholders to perform their obligations under our contractual arrangements with them would have a material adverse effect on our business”. Therefore, our contractual arrangements with our VIE may not be as effective in ensuring our control over the relevant portion of our business operations as direct ownership would be.

Any failure by our VIE or its shareholders to perform their obligations under our contractual arrangements with them would have a material adverse effect on our business.

If our VIE or its shareholders fail to perform their respective obligations under the contractual arrangements, we may have to incur substantial costs and expend additional resources to enforce such arrangements. We may also have to rely on legal remedies under PRC law, including seeking specific performance or injunctive relief, and claiming damages, which we cannot assure you will be effective under PRC law. For example, if the shareholders of our VIE were to refuse to transfer their equity interests in our VIE to us or our designee if we exercise the purchase option pursuant to these contractual arrangements, or if they were otherwise to act in bad faith toward us, then we may have to take legal actions to compel them to perform their contractual obligations.

All the agreements under our contractual arrangements are governed by PRC laws and provide for the resolution of disputes through arbitration in China. Accordingly, these contracts would be interpreted in accordance with PRC laws and any disputes would be resolved in accordance with PRC legal procedures. The legal system in the PRC is not as developed as in some other jurisdictions. As a result, uncertainties in the PRC legal system could limit our ability to enforce these contractual arrangements. Meanwhile, there are very few precedents and little formal guidance as to how contractual arrangements in the context of a consolidated affiliated entity should be interpreted or enforced under PRC laws. There remain significant uncertainties

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regarding the ultimate outcome of such arbitration should legal action become necessary. In addition, under PRC laws, rulings by arbitrators are final, and if the losing parties fail to carry out the arbitration awards within a prescribed time limit, the prevailing parties may only enforce the arbitration awards in PRC courts through arbitration award recognition proceedings, which would require additional expenses and delay. In the event we are unable to enforce these contractual arrangements, or if we suffer significant delay or other obstacles in the process of enforcing these contractual arrangements, we may not be able to exert effective control over our VIE, and our ability to conduct our business may be negatively affected.

The shareholders of our VIE may have actual or potential conflicts of interest with us, which may materially and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The shareholders of our VIE may have actual or potential conflicts of interest with us. These shareholders may refuse to sign or breach, or cause our VIE to breach, or refuse to renew, the existing contractual arrangements we have with them and our VIE, which would have a material adverse effect on our ability to effectively control our consolidated affiliated entities and receive economic benefits from them. For example, the shareholders may be able to cause our agreements with our VIE to be performed in a manner adverse to us by, among other things, failing to remit payments due under the contractual arrangements to us on a timely basis. We cannot assure you that when conflicts of interest arise any or all of these shareholders will act in the best interests of our company or such conflicts will be resolved in our favor. Currently, we do not have any arrangements to address potential conflicts of interest between these shareholders and our company, except that we could exercise our purchase option under the exclusive option agreement with these shareholders to request them to transfer all of their equity interests in our variable interest entities to a PRC entity or individual designated by us, to the extent permitted by PRC laws. If we cannot resolve any conflict of interest or dispute between us and these shareholders, we would have to rely on legal proceedings, which could result in disruption of our business and subject us to substantial uncertainty as to the outcome of any such legal proceedings.

Contractual Arrangement in relation to our VIE may be subject to scrutiny by the PRC tax authorities and they may determine that we or our VIE owe additional taxes, which could negatively affect our financial condition and the value of your investment.

Under applicable PRC laws and regulations, arrangements and transactions among related parties may be subject to audit or challenge by the PRC tax authorities within ten years after the taxable year when the transactions are conducted. We could face material and adverse tax consequences if the PRC tax authorities determine that the contractual arrangements were not entered into on an arm’s-length basis in such a way as to result in an impermissible reduction in taxes under applicable PRC laws, rules and regulations, and adjust the income of our VIE in the form of a transfer pricing adjustment. A transfer pricing adjustment could, among other things, result in a reduction of expense deductions recorded by our VIE for PRC tax purposes, which could in turn increase its tax liabilities without reducing our VIE’s tax expenses. In addition, the PRC tax authorities may impose late payment fees and other penalties on our VIE for the adjusted but unpaid taxes according to the applicable regulations. Our financial position could be materially and adversely affected if our VIE’s tax liabilities increase or if they are required to pay late payment fees and other penalties.

Our exercise of the option to acquire equity ownership and assets of VIE may subject us to certain limitation and substantial costs.

Pursuant to the contractual arrangements, WFOE or its designated persons have the exclusive right to purchase all or any part of the equity interests in our VIE from the respective equity holders at a nominal price, unless relevant government authorities or PRC laws require that another amount should be used as the purchase price, in which case the purchase price shall be the lowest amount under such requirement. The equity transfer may be subject to the approvals from and filings with the MOFCOM, the SAMR and/or their local competent branches. In addition, the equity transfer price may be subject to review and tax adjustment by the relevant tax authority. Subject to relevant laws and regulations, the shareholders of our VIE will pay the equity transfer price

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they receive to WFOE or its designated persons under the contractual arrangements. The amount to be received by WFOE may also be subject to enterprise income tax, and such tax amounts could be substantial.

We may lose the ability to use and enjoy licenses, approvals and assets held by our VIE that are material to the operation of certain portions of our business if our VIE go bankrupt or become subject to a dissolution or liquidation proceeding.

We do not have priority pledges and liens against the assets of our VIE. If any of our VIE undergoes an involuntary liquidation proceeding, third-party creditors may claim rights to some or all of its assets and we may not have priority against such third-party creditors on the assets of our Consolidated Affiliated Entities. If our VIE liquidates, we may take part in the liquidation procedures as a general creditor under the PRC Enterprise Bankruptcy Law and recover any outstanding liabilities owed by Consolidated Affiliated Entities to WFOE under the applicable service agreement.

If the shareholders of our VIE were to attempt to voluntarily liquidate our VIE without obtaining our prior consent, we could effectively prevent such unauthorized voluntary liquidation by exercising our right to request the shareholders of our VIE to transfer all of their respective equity ownership interests to a PRC entity or individual designated by us in accordance with the option agreement with the shareholders of our VIE. In addition, under the VIE agreements signed by our VIE and its shareholders, the shareholders of our VIE do not have the right to issue dividends to themselves or otherwise distribute the retained earnings or other assets of our VIE without our consent. Similarly, the shareholders of our VIE do not have the right to distribute the retained earnings or other assets of our VIE without our consent. In the event that the shareholders of our VIE initiate a voluntary liquidation proceeding without our authorization or attempts to distribute the retained earnings or assets of our Consolidated Affiliated Entities without our prior consent, we may need to resort to legal proceedings to enforce the terms of the contractual arrangements. Any such legal proceeding may be costly and may divert our management’s time and attention away from the operation of our business, and the outcome of such legal proceeding will be uncertain.

There may be difficulties in protecting your interests under the laws of the Cayman Islands.

Our corporate affairs are governed by, among other things, our Memorandum of Association, Articles of Association, the Companies Law and common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of Shareholders to take action against our directors, actions by minority shareholders and the fiduciary responsibilities of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from English common law, which has persuasive, but not binding, authority on a court in the Cayman Islands. The laws of the Cayman Islands relating to the protection of the interests of minority shareholders differ in some respects from those in other jurisdictions. Such differences may mean that the remedies available to the minority shareholders may be different from those they would have under the laws of other jurisdictions.

RISKS RELATING TO DOING BUSINESS IN THE PRC

If we fail to comply with environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, we could be subject to fines or penalties or incur costs that could have a material adverse effect on our business.

We are subject to numerous environmental, health and safety laws and regulations, including those governing laboratory procedures and the handling, use, storage, treatment and disposal of hazardous materials and wastes. Our operations involve the use of hazardous and flammable materials, including chemicals. Our operations also produce hazardous waste products. We may contract with third parties for the disposal of these materials and wastes. We cannot eliminate the risk of contamination or injury from these materials. In the event of contamination or injury resulting from our use of hazardous materials or our third parties’ disposal of hazardous materials, we could be held liable for any resulting damages, and any liability could exceed our resources. We could also incur significant costs associated with civil or criminal fines and penalties.

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We maintain workers’ compensation insurance to cover us for costs and expenses we may incur due to injuries to our employees resulting from the use of hazardous materials. This insurance may not provide adequate coverage against potential liabilities. We do not maintain insurance for environmental liability or toxic tort claims that may be asserted against us in connection with our storage or disposal of hazardous or radioactive materials.

We may incur substantial costs in order to comply with current or future environmental, health and safety laws and regulations. These current or future laws and regulations may impair our research, development or production efforts. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations also may result in substantial fines, penalties or other sanctions.

We may be exposed to liabilities under the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or FCPA, and Chinese anti-corruption laws, and any determination that we have violated these laws could have a material adverse effect on our business or our reputation.

We are subject to the FCPA. The FCPA generally prohibits us from making improper payments to non-U.S. officials for the purpose of obtaining or retaining business. We are also subject to the anti-bribery laws of other jurisdictions, particularly China. Other U.S. listed companies in the life science industry have faced criminal penalties under the FCPA for allowing their agents to deviate from appropriate practices in doing business. As our business expands, the applicability of the FCPA and other anti-bribery laws to our operations will increase. We cannot assure you that we would not be required in the future to alter one or more of our practices to be in compliance with these laws or any changes in these laws or interpretation thereof. Our procedures and controls to monitor anti-bribery compliance may fail to protect us from reckless or criminal acts committed by our employees or agents. If we, due to either our own deliberate or inadvertent acts or those of others, fail to comply with applicable anti-bribery laws, our reputation could be harmed and we could incur criminal or civil penalties, other sanctions and/or significant expenses, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, including our financial condition, results of operations, cash flows and prospects.

We may be subject to additional contributions of social insurance premium and housing provident funds and late payments and fines imposed by relevant governmental authorities.

The Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress enacted the Labor Contract Law in 2008, and amended on December 28, 2012. The Labor Contract Law introduced specific provisions related to fixed-term employment contracts, part-time employment, probationary periods, consultation with labor unions and employee assemblies, employment without a written contract, dismissal of employees, severance, and collective bargaining to enhance previous PRC labor laws. Under the Labor Contract Law, an employer is obligated to sign an unlimited-term labor contract with any employee who has worked for the employer for ten consecutive years. Further, if an employee requests or agrees to renew a fixed-term labor contract that has already been entered into twice consecutively, the resulting contract, with certain exceptions, must have an unlimited term, subject to certain exceptions. With certain exceptions, an employer must pay severance to an employee where a labor contract is terminated or expires. In addition, the PRC governmental authorities have continued to introduce various new labor-related regulations since the effectiveness of the Labor Contract Law.

Under the PRC Social Insurance Law and the Administrative Measures on Housing Funds and other relevant laws and regulations, employees are required to participate in pension insurance, work-related injury insurance, medical insurance, unemployment insurance, maternity insurance, and housing funds or collectively the Employee Benefits. An employer shall pay the Employee Benefits for its employees in accordance with the rates provided under relevant regulations and shall withhold the social insurance and other Employee Benefits that should be assumed by the employees. For example, PRC subsidiaries shall register with local social insurance agencies and register with applicable housing funds management centers and establish a special housing fund account in an entrusted bank. And an employer that has not made social insurance contributions at a rate and based on an amount prescribed by the law, or at all, may be ordered to rectify the non-compliance and

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pay the required contributions within a stipulated deadline and be subject to a late fee. If the employer still fails to rectify the failure to make social insurance contributions within the stipulated deadline, it may be subject to a fine ranging from one to three times of the amount overdue.

As of the date of this prospectus, two of our PRC subsidiaries are in the process of completing the social insurance registration and the housing funds registration. We have not made adequate contributions to social insurance and other Employee Benefits for our employees until September of 2018. We have recorded accruals for the estimated underpaid amounts of Employee Benefits in our financial statements.

To efficiently administer the contribution to housing funds and social insurance in certain cities in China, some of our subsidiaries engage third-party agents to make such contribution for some of our PRC employees. Any failure to make such contribution by these third-party agents may directly expose us to penalties imposed by the local authorities and/or legal claims raised by our employees.

As of the date of this prospectus, we have not received any notice from the relevant government authorities or any claim or request from these employees in this regard. However, we cannot assure you that the relevant government authorities will not require us to pay the outstanding amount and impose late fees or fines on us. If we are otherwise subject to investigations related to non-compliance with labor laws and are imposed severe penalties or incur significant legal fees in connection with labor disputes or investigations, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected.

These laws designed to enhance labor protection tend to increase our labor costs. In addition, as the interpretation and implementation of these regulations are still evolving, our employment practices may not be at all times be deemed in compliance with the regulations. As a result, we could be subject to penalties or incur significant liabilities in connection with labor disputes or investigations.

Uncertainties with respect to the PRC legal system and changes in laws and regulations in China could adversely affect us.

The PRC legal system is based on written statutes and prior court decisions have limited value as precedents. Since these laws and regulations are relatively new and the PRC legal system continues to rapidly evolve, the interpretations of many laws, regulations and rules are not always uniform and enforcement of these laws, regulations and rules involves uncertainties.

From time to time, we may have to resort to administrative and court proceedings to enforce our legal rights. However, since PRC administrative and court authorities have significant discretion in interpreting and implementing statutory and contractual terms, it may be more difficult to evaluate the outcome of administrative and court proceedings and the level of legal protection we enjoy than in more developed legal systems. Furthermore, the PRC legal system is based in part on government policies and internal rules (some of which are not published in a timely manner or at all) that may have a retroactive effect. As a result, we may not be aware of our violation of these policies and rules until sometime after the violation. Such uncertainties, including uncertainty over the scope and effect of our contractual, property (including intellectual property) and procedural rights, could materially and adversely affect our business and impede our ability to continue our operations.

Substantial uncertainties exist with respect to the interpretation and implementation of the newly enacted Foreign Investment Law and how it may impact the viability of our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations.

On March 15, 2019, the PRC National People’s Congress approved the Foreign Investment Law, which will come into effect on January 1, 2020 and will replace the trio of existing laws regulating foreign investment in the PRC, namely, the Sino-Foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise Law, the Sino-Foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Enterprise Law and the Wholly Foreign-Invested Enterprise Law, and become the legal foundation for foreign investment in the PRC.

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The Foreign Investment Law sets out the basic regulatory framework for foreign investments and proposes to implement a system of pre-entry national treatment with a negative list for foreign investments, pursuant to which (i) foreign entities and individuals are prohibited from investing in the areas that are not open to foreign investments, (ii) foreign investments in the restricted industries must satisfy certain requirements under the law, and (iii) foreign investments in business sectors outside of the negative list will be treated equally with domestic investments. The Foreign Investment Law also sets forth necessary mechanisms to facilitate, protect and manage foreign investments and proposes to establish a foreign investment information reporting system, through which foreign investors are required to submit information relating to their investments to the Ministry of Commerce, or MOFCOM, or its local branches.

However, since the Foreign Investment Law is relatively new, uncertainties still exist in relation to its interpretation and implementation. For instance, under the Foreign Investment Law, “foreign investment” refers to the investment activities directly or indirectly conducted by foreign individuals, enterprises or other entities in China. Though it does not explicitly classify contractual arrangements as a form of foreign investment, there is no assurance that foreign investment via contractual arrangement would not be interpreted as a type of indirect foreign investment activities under the definition in the future. In addition, the definition contains a catch-all provision which includes investments made by foreign investors through means stipulated in laws or administrative regulations or other methods prescribed by the State Council. Therefore, it still leaves leeway for future laws, administrative regulations or provisions promulgated by the State Council to provide for contractual arrangements as a form of foreign investment. In any of these cases, it will be uncertain whether our contractual arrangements will be deemed to be in violation of the market access requirements for foreign investment under the PRC laws and regulations. Furthermore, if future laws, administrative regulations or provisions prescribed by the State Council mandate further actions to be taken by companies with respect to existing contractual arrangements, we may face substantial uncertainties as to whether we can complete such actions in a timely manner, or at all. Failure to take timely and appropriate measures to cope with any of these or similar regulatory compliance challenges could materially and adversely affect our current corporate structure, corporate governance and business operations.

Any non-compliance with PRC advertising laws and regulations by us may subject us to penalties.

We are obligated to ensure our advertising content to comply with applicable laws. For example, no medical advertisements or medical device advertisements shall be published before relevant approval has been obtained from competent government authority. Please see “Regulations—Regulations relating to Advertisement”. Any violation of the relevant laws and regulations may subject us to governmental penalties, impair our brand and adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations.

The lease agreements of our leased properties have not been registered with the relevant PRC government authorities as required by PRC law, which may expose us to potential fines.

Under PRC law, lease agreements of commodity housing tenancy are required to be registered with the local construction (real estate) departments. Although failure to do so does not in itself invalidate the leases, the parties of the lease agreements may be exposed to potential fines if they fail to rectify such non-compliance within the prescribed time frame after receiving notice from the relevant PRC government authorities. The penalty ranges from RMB1,000 to RMB10,000 for each unregistered lease, at the discretion of the relevant authority. As of the date of this Prospectus, the lease agreements for most of our leased properties in China, including leased properties for our spaces, have not been registered with the relevant PRC government authorities. As of the date of this prospectus, we are not aware of any regulatory or governmental actions, claims or investigations being contemplated or any challenges by third parties to our use of our leased properties, or the lease agreements of which have not been registered with the government authorities. However, we cannot assure you that the government authorities will not impose fines on us due to our failure to register any of our lease agreements, which may negatively impact our financial condition.

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Our rights to use our leased properties could be challenged by property owners or other third parties, which may disrupt our operations and incur relocation costs.

As of the date of this Prospectus, we have a number of title defects with respect to some of our leased properties, for example, the lessors of certain of our leased properties in China failed to provide us with valid property ownership certificates or authorizations from the property owners for the lessors to sublease the properties. If such lessors do not have the relevant property ownership certificates or the right to lease or sublease such properties to us, the relevant rightful title holders or other third parties may challenge our use of such leased properties, and we may be forced to vacate these properties and be required to seek alternative properties for lease. In such an event, our business operations will be interrupted, and relocation costs will be incurred. Moreover, if our lease agreements are challenged by third parties, it could result in diversion of management attention and cause us to incur costs associated with defending such actions, even if such challenges are ultimately determined in our favor.

Any failure to comply with PRC regulations regarding the registration requirements for employee stock incentive plans may subject the PRC plan participants or us to fines and other legal or administrative sanctions.

In February 2012, SAFE promulgated the Notices on Issues Concerning the Foreign Exchange Administration for Domestic Individuals Participating in Equity Incentive Plans of Overseas Listed Companies, replacing earlier rules promulgated in 2007. Pursuant to these rules, PRC citizens and non-PRC citizens who reside in China for a continuous period of not less than one year who participate in any stock incentive plan of an overseas publicly listed company, subject to a few exceptions, are required to register with SAFE through a domestic qualified agent, which could be the PRC subsidiaries of such overseas-listed company, and complete certain other procedures. In addition, an overseas-entrusted institution must be retained to handle matters in connection with the exercise or sale of stock options and the purchase or sale of shares and interests. We and our executive officers and other employees who are PRC citizens or who reside in the PRC for a continuous period of not less than one year and who have been granted options will be subject to these regulations when our company becomes an overseas-listed company upon completion of this offering. Failure to complete the SAFE registrations may subject them to fines and legal sanctions, there may be additional restrictions on the ability of them to exercise their stock options or remit proceeds gained from the sale of their stock into the PRC. We also face regulatory uncertainties that could restrict our ability to adopt incentive plans for our directors, executive officers and employees under PRC law. See “Regulation—Regulations Relating to Foreign Exchange—Share Option Rules.”

If we are classified as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders or ADS holders.

Under the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules, an enterprise established outside of the PRC with a “de facto management body” within the PRC is considered a “resident enterprise” and will be subject to the enterprise income tax on its global income at the rate of 25%. The implementation rules define the term “de facto management body” as the body that exercises full and substantial control over and overall management of the business, productions, personnel, accounts and properties of an enterprise. In 2009, the State Administration of Taxation, or SAT, issued a circular, known as SAT Circular 82, which provides certain specific criteria for determining whether the “de facto management body” of a PRC-controlled enterprise that is incorporated offshore is located in China. Although this circular only applies to offshore enterprises controlled by PRC enterprises or PRC enterprise groups, not those controlled by PRC individuals or foreigners, the criteria set forth in the circular may reflect the SAT’s general position on how the “de facto management body” test should be applied in determining the tax resident status of all offshore enterprises. According to SAT Circular 82, an offshore incorporated enterprise controlled by a PRC enterprise or a PRC enterprise group will be regarded as a PRC tax resident by virtue of having its “de facto management body” in China and will be subject to PRC enterprise income tax on its global income only if all of the following conditions are met: (i) the primary location

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of the day-to-day operational management and the places where they perform their duties are in the PRC; (ii) decisions relating to the enterprise’s financial and human resource matters are made or are subject to approval by organizations or personnel in the PRC; (iii) the enterprise’s primary assets, accounting books and records, company seals, and board and shareholder resolutions, are located or maintained in the PRC; and (iv) at least 50% of voting board members or senior executives habitually reside in the PRC.

We believe that we are not a PRC resident enterprise for PRC tax purposes. See “ Taxation—People’s Republic of China Taxation.” However, the tax resident status of an enterprise is subject to determination by the PRC tax authorities and uncertainties remain with respect to the interpretation of the term “de facto management body.” If the PRC tax authorities determine that we are a PRC resident enterprise for enterprise income tax purposes, we may be required to withhold a 10% withholding tax from dividends we pay to our shareholders that are non-resident enterprises, including the holders of the ADSs. In addition, non-resident enterprise shareholders (including ADS holders) may be subject to PRC tax on gains realized on the sale or other disposition of ADSs or ordinary shares, if such income is treated as sourced from within the PRC. Furthermore, if we are deemed a PRC resident enterprise, dividends payable to our non-PRC individual shareholders (including ADS holders) and any gain realized on the transfer of ADSs or ordinary shares by such shareholders may be subject to PRC tax at a rate of 20% (which, in the case of dividends, may be withheld at source by us). Any PRC tax liability may be reduced under applicable tax treaties. However, it is unclear whether in practice our non-PRC shareholders would be able to obtain the benefits of any tax treaties between their countries of tax residence and the PRC in the event that we are treated as a PRC resident enterprise. Any such tax may reduce the returns on your investment in the ADSs or our ordinary shares.

We face uncertainty with respect to indirect transfers of equity interests in PRC resident enterprises by their non-PRC holding companies.

Pursuant to the Notice on Strengthening Administration of Enterprise Income Tax for Share Transfers by Non-PRC Resident Enterprises, or SAT Circular 698, issued by the SAT in 2009 with retroactive effect from January 1, 2008, where a non-resident enterprise transfers the equity interests of a PRC resident enterprise indirectly by disposition of the equity interests of an overseas holding company, or an Indirect Transfer, and such overseas holding company is located in a tax jurisdiction that: (i) has an effective tax rate less than 12.5% or (ii) does not tax foreign income of its residents, the non-resident enterprise, being the transferor, shall report to the competent tax authority of the PRC resident enterprise this Indirect Transfer.

On February 3, 2015, the SAT issued the Public Notice Regarding Certain Enterprise Income Tax Matters on Indirect Transfer of Properties by Non-Resident Enterprises, or SAT Bulletin 7. SAT Bulletin 7 supersedes the rules with respect to the Indirect Transfer under SAT Circular 698. SAT Bulletin 7 has introduced a new tax regime that is significantly different from the previous one under SAT Circular 698. SAT Bulletin 7 extends the PRC’s tax jurisdiction to not only Indirect Transfers set forth under SAT Circular 698 but also transactions involving a transfer of other taxable assets through an offshore transfer of a foreign intermediate holding company. In addition, SAT Bulletin 7 provides clearer criteria than SAT Circular 698 for assessment of reasonable commercial purposes and has introduced safe harbors for internal group restructurings and the purchase and sale of equity through a public securities market. SAT Bulletin 7 also brings challenges to both foreign transferor and transferee (or another person who is obligated to pay for the transfer) of taxable assets. Where a non-resident enterprise transfers taxable assets indirectly by disposing of the equity interests of an overseas holding company, which is an Indirect Transfer, the non-resident enterprise, being the transferor, or the transferee, or the PRC entity that directly owns the taxable assets, may report such Indirect Transfer to the relevant tax authority. Using a “substance over form” principle, the PRC tax authority may disregard the existence of the overseas holding company if it lacks a reasonable commercial purpose and was established for the purpose of reducing, avoiding or deferring PRC tax. As a result, gains derived from such Indirect Transfer may be subject to PRC enterprise income tax, and the transferee or another person who is obligated to pay for the transfer is obligated to withhold the applicable taxes, currently at a rate of 10% for the transfer of equity interests in a PRC resident enterprise. Both the transferor and the transferee may be subject to penalties under PRC tax laws if the transferee fails to withhold the taxes and the transferor fails to pay the taxes.

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On October 17, 2017, the SAT issued the Announcement of the State Administration of Taxation on Issues Concerning the Withholding of Non-resident Enterprises Income Tax at Source, or SAT Bulletin 37, which, among others, repealed the SAT Circular 698 on December 1, 2017. SAT Bulletin 37 further details and clarifies the tax withholding methods in respect of income of non-resident enterprises under SAT Circular 698. And certain rules stipulated in SAT Bulletin 7 are replaced by SAT Bulletin 37. Where the non-resident enterprise fails to declare the tax payable pursuant to Article 39 of the PRC Enterprise Income Tax Law, the tax authority may order it to pay the tax due within required time limits, and the non-resident enterprise shall declare and pay the tax payable within such time limits specified by the tax authority; however, if the non-resident enterprise voluntarily declares and pays the tax payable before the tax authority orders it to do so within required time limits, it shall be deemed that such enterprise has paid the tax in time.

We face uncertainties as to the reporting and other implications of certain past and future transactions where PRC taxable assets are involved, such as offshore restructuring, sale of the shares in our offshore subsidiaries and investments. Our company may be subject to filing obligations or taxed if our company is a transferor in such transactions, and may be subject to withholding obligations if our company is a transferee in such transactions, under SAT Bulletin 7 and SAT Bulletin 37. For transfer of shares in our company by investors who are non-PRC resident enterprises, our PRC subsidiary may be requested to assist in the filing under SAT Bulletin 7 and SAT Bulletin 37. As a result, we may be required to expend valuable resources to comply with SAT Bulletin 7 and SAT Bulletin 37 or to request the relevant transferors from whom we purchase taxable assets to comply with these circulars, or to establish that our company should not be taxed under these circulars, which may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

If our preferential tax treatments are revoked, become unavailable or if the calculation of our tax liability is successfully challenged by the PRC tax authorities, we may be required to pay tax, interest and penalties in excess of our tax provisions, and our results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

The Chinese government has provided various tax incentives to our subsidiaries in China. These incentives include reduced enterprise income tax rates. For example, under the Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules, the statutory enterprise income tax rate is 25%. However, the income tax of an enterprise that has been determined to be a high and new technology enterprise can be reduced to a preferential rate of 15%. Any increase in the enterprise income tax rate applicable to our PRC subsidiaries in China, or any discontinuation or retroactive or future reduction of any of the preferential tax treatments currently enjoyed by our VIE in China, could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, in the ordinary course of our business, we are subject to complex income tax and other tax regulations and significant judgment is required in the determination of a provision for income taxes. Although we believe our tax provisions are reasonable, if the PRC tax authorities successfully challenge our position and we are required to pay tax, interest and penalties in excess of our tax provisions, our financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.

Certain PRC regulations may make it more difficult for us to pursue growth through acquisitions.

Among other things, the Regulations on Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises by Foreign Investors, or the M&A Rules, adopted by six PRC regulatory agencies in 2006 and amended in 2009, established additional procedures and requirements that could make merger and acquisition activities by foreign investors more time-consuming and complex. Such regulation requires, among other things, that the MOFCOM be notified in advance of any change-of-control transaction in which a foreign investor acquires control of a PRC domestic enterprise or a foreign company with substantial PRC operations, if certain thresholds under the Provisions on Thresholds for Prior Notification of Concentrations of Undertakings, issued by the State Council in 2008 and amended in 2018, were triggered. Moreover, the Anti-Monopoly Law promulgated by the Standing Committee of the PRC National People’s Congress, which became effective in 2008 requires that transactions which are deemed concentrations and involve parties with specified turnover thresholds must be cleared by the MOFCOM before they can be completed. In addition, PRC national security review rules which became effective in

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September 2011 require acquisitions by foreign investors of PRC companies engaged in military-related or certain other industries that are crucial to national security be subject to security review before consummation of any such acquisition. We may pursue potential strategic acquisitions that are complementary to our business and operations. Complying with the requirements of these regulations to complete such transactions could be time-consuming, and any required approval processes, including obtaining approval or clearance from the MOFCOM, may delay or inhibit our ability to complete such transactions, which could affect our ability to expand our business or maintain our market share.

The approval of the China Securities Regulatory Commission may be required in connection with this offering, and, if required, we cannot predict whether we will be able to obtain such approval.

The M&A Rules requires an overseas special purpose vehicle formed for listing purposes through acquisitions of PRC domestic companies and controlled by PRC companies or individuals to obtain the approval of China Securities Regulatory Commission, or the CSRC, prior to the listing and trading of such special purpose vehicle’s securities on an overseas stock exchange. However, the application of the M&A Rules remains unclear. If CSRC approval is required, it is uncertain whether it would be possible for us to obtain the approval, and any failure to obtain or delay in obtaining CSRC approval for this offering would subject us to sanctions imposed by the CSRC and other PRC government authorities.

Our PRC legal counsel has advised us based on their understanding of the current PRC laws, rules and regulations that the CSRC’s approval may not be required for the listing and trading of the ADSs on the [Nasdaq Global Select Market] in the context of this offering, given that: (i) the CSRC currently has not issued any definitive rule or interpretation concerning whether offering such as this offering contemplated by our Company are subject to the M&A Rules; (ii)our PRC subsidiary was incorporated as wholly foreign-owned enterprises by means of direct investment rather than by merger or acquisition of equity interest or assets of a PRC domestic company owned by PRC companies or individuals as defined under the M&A Rules that are our beneficial owners; and (iii) no provision in the M&A Rules clearly classifies contractual arrangements as a type of transaction subject to the M&A Rules.

PRC regulations relating to the establishment of offshore special purpose companies by PRC residents may subject our PRC resident beneficial owners or our PRC subsidiary to liability or penalties, limit our ability to inject capital into our PRC subsidiary, limit our PRC subsidiary’s ability to increase their registered capital or distribute profits to us, or may otherwise adversely affect us.

In July 2014, SAFE promulgated the Circular on Relevant Issues Concerning Foreign Exchange Administration on Domestic Residents’ Overseas Investment, Financing and Roundtrip Investment via Special Purpose Vehicles, or SAFE Circular 37. SAFE Circular 37 requires PRC residents (including PRC individuals and PRC corporate entities as well as foreign individuals that are deemed as PRC residents for foreign exchange administration purpose) to register with SAFE or its local branches in connection with their direct or indirect offshore investment activities. SAFE Circular 37 is applicable to our shareholders who are PRC residents and may be applicable to any offshore acquisitions that we make in the future.

Under SAFE Circular 37, PRC residents who make, or have prior to the implementation of SAFE Circular 37 made, direct or indirect investments in offshore special purpose vehicles, or SPVs, will be required to register such investments with SAFE or its local branches. In addition, any PRC resident who is a direct or indirect shareholder of an SPV, is required to update its filed registration with the local branch of SAFE with respect to that SPV, to reflect any material change. Moreover, any subsidiary of such SPV in China is required to urge the PRC resident shareholders to update their registration with the local branch of SAFE. If any PRC shareholder of such SPV fails to make the required registration or to update the previously filed registration, the subsidiary of such SPV in China may be prohibited from distributing its profits or the proceeds from any capital reduction, share transfer or liquidation to the SPV, and the SPV may also be prohibited from making additional capital contributions into its subsidiary in China. On February 13, 2015, SAFE promulgated the Notice on

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Further Simplifying and Improving the Direct Investment-related Foreign Exchange Administration Policy, or SAFE Notice 13, which became effective on June 1, 2015. Under SAFE Notice 13, applications for foreign exchange registration of inbound foreign direct investments and outbound overseas direct investments, including those required under SAFE Circular 37, will be filed with qualified banks instead of SAFE. The qualified banks will directly examine the applications and accept registrations under the supervision of SAFE.

We have requested PRC residents who we know hold direct or indirect interest in our company to make the necessary applications, filings and registrations as required under SAFE Circular 37 and those PRC resident shareholders that hold direct interest in our company have completed all necessary registrations with the local SAFE branch or qualified banks as required by SAFE Circular 37. However, we may not be informed of the identities of all the PRC residents holding direct or indirect interest in our company, and we cannot provide any assurance that these PRC residents will comply with our request to make or obtain any applicable registrations or comply with other requirements under SAFE Circular 37 or other related rules. The failure or inability of our PRC resident shareholders to comply with the registration procedures set forth in these regulations may subject us to fines and legal sanctions, restrict our cross-border investment activities, limit the ability of our wholly foreign-owned subsidiary in China to distribute dividends and the proceeds from any reduction in capital, share transfer or liquidation to us, and we may also be prohibited from injecting additional capital into the subsidiary. Moreover, failure to comply with the various foreign exchange registration requirements described above could result in liability under PRC law for circumventing applicable foreign exchange restrictions. As a result, our business operations and our ability to distribute profits to you could be materially and adversely affected.

Furthermore, as these foreign exchange regulations are still relatively new and their interpretation and implementation has been constantly evolving, it is unclear how these regulations, and any future regulation concerning offshore or cross-border transactions, will be interpreted, amended and implemented by the relevant government authorities. For example, we may be subject to a more stringent review and approval process with respect to our foreign exchange activities, such as remittance of dividends and foreign-currency-denominated borrowings, which may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. In addition, if we decide to acquire a PRC domestic company, we cannot assure you that we or the owners of such company, as the case may be, will be able to obtain the necessary approvals or complete the necessary filings and registrations required by the foreign exchange regulations. This may restrict our ability to implement our acquisition strategy and could adversely affect our business and prospects.

PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of this offering to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiary, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

We are an offshore holding company conducting our operations in China through our PRC subsidiary and VIE. We may make loans to our PRC subsidiary and VIE subject to the approval or registration from governmental authorities and limitation of amount, or we may make additional capital contributions to our wholly foreign-owned subsidiary in China. Any loans to our wholly foreign-owned subsidiary in China, which are treated as foreign-invested enterprises under PRC law, are subject to foreign exchange loan registrations. In addition, a foreign-invested enterprise, or FIE, shall use its capital pursuant to the principle of authenticity and self-use within its business scope. The capital of an FIE shall not be used for the following purposes: (i) directly or indirectly used for payment beyond the business scope of the enterprises or the payment prohibited by relevant laws and regulations; (ii) directly or indirectly used for investment in securities or investments other than banks’ principal-secured products unless otherwise provided by relevant laws and regulations; (iii) the granting of loans to non-affiliated enterprises, except where it is expressly permitted in the business license; and (iv) paying the expenses related to the purchase of real estate that is not for self-use (except for the foreign-invested real estate enterprises).

In light of the various requirements imposed by PRC regulations on loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies, we cannot assure you that we will be able to complete the necessary

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government registrations or obtain the necessary government approvals on a timely basis, if at all, with respect to future loans by us to our PRC subsidiary or VIE or with respect to future capital contributions by us to our PRC subsidiary. If we fail to complete such registrations or obtain such approvals, our ability to use the proceeds from this offering and to capitalize or otherwise fund our PRC operations may be negatively affected, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.

We may rely on dividends and other distributions on equity paid by our PRC subsidiary to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have, and any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiary to make payments to us could have a material and adverse effect on our ability to conduct our business.

We are a Cayman Islands holding company and we rely principally on dividends and other distributions on equity from our PRC subsidiary for our cash requirements, including the funds necessary to pay dividends and other cash distributions to our shareholders for services of any debt we may incur. If our PRC subsidiary incurs debt on its own behalf in the future, the instruments governing the debt may restrict its ability to pay dividends or make other distributions to us. Under PRC laws and regulations, our PRC subsidiary, which is a wholly foreign-owned enterprise, may pay dividends only out of its respective accumulated profits as determined in accordance with PRC accounting standards and regulations. In addition, a wholly foreign-owned enterprise is required to set aside at least 10% of its accumulated after-tax profits each year, if any, to fund a certain statutory reserve fund, until the aggregate amount of such fund reaches 50% of its registered capital. Such reserve funds cannot be distributed to us as dividends. At its discretion, a wholly foreign-owned enterprise may allocate a portion of its after-tax profits based on PRC accounting standards to an enterprise expansion fund, or a staff welfare and bonus fund.

Our PRC subsidiaries generate primarily all of their revenue in Renminbi, which is not freely convertible into other currencies. As a result, any restriction on currency exchange may limit the ability of our PRC subsidiary to use their Renminbi revenues to pay dividends to us.

The PRC government may continue to strengthen its capital controls, and more restrictions and substantial vetting process may be put forward by SAFE for cross-border transactions falling under both the current account and the capital account. Any limitation on the ability of our PRC subsidiary to pay dividends or make other kinds of payments to us could materially and adversely limit our ability to grow, make investments or acquisitions that could be beneficial to our business, pay dividends, or otherwise fund and conduct our business.

In addition, the Enterprise Income Tax Law and its implementation rules provide that a withholding tax rate of up to 10% will be applicable to dividends payable by Chinese companies to non-PRC-resident enterprises unless otherwise exempted or reduced according to treaties or arrangements between the PRC central government and governments of other countries or regions where the non-PRC-resident enterprises are incorporated.

Fluctuations in exchange rates could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and the value of your investment.

The value of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar and other currencies may fluctuate and is affected by, among other things, changes in political and economic conditions in China and by China’s foreign exchange policies. On July 21, 2005, the PRC government changed its decade-old policy of pegging the value of the Renminbi to the U.S. dollar, and the Renminbi appreciated more than 20% against the U.S. dollar over the following three years. Between July 2008 and June 2010, this appreciation halted and the exchange rate between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar remained within a narrow band. Since June 2010, the Renminbi has fluctuated against the U.S. dollar, at times significantly and unpredictably. Since October 1, 2016, Renminbi has joined the International Monetary Fund’s basket of currencies that make up the Special Drawing Right (SDR) along with the U.S. dollar, the Euro, the Japanese yen and the British pound. In the fourth quarter of 2016, the Renminbi has depreciated significantly in the backdrop of a surging U.S. dollar and persistent capital outflows of China. With

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the development of the foreign exchange market and progress towards interest rate liberalization and Renminbi internationalization, the PRC government may in the future announce further changes to the exchange rate system, and we cannot assure you that the Renminbi will not appreciate or depreciate significantly in value against the U.S. dollar in the future. It is difficult to predict how market forces or PRC or U.S. government policy may impact the exchange rate between the Renminbi and the U.S. dollar in the future.

Significant revaluation of the Renminbi may have a material and adverse effect on your investment. For example, to the extent that we need to convert U.S. dollars we receive from this offering into Renminbi for our operations, appreciation of the Renminbi against the U.S. dollar would have an adverse effect on the Renminbi amount we would receive from the conversion. Conversely, if we decide to convert our Renminbi into U.S. dollars for the purpose of making payments for dividends on our ordinary shares or the ADSs or for other business purposes, appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Renminbi would have a negative effect on the U.S. dollar amount available to us.

Very limited hedging options are available in China to reduce our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations. To date, we have not entered into any hedging transactions in an effort to reduce our exposure to foreign currency exchange risk. While we may decide to enter into hedging transactions in the future, the availability and effectiveness of these hedges may be limited and we may not be able to adequately hedge our exposure or at all. In addition, our currency exchange losses may be magnified by PRC exchange control regulations that restrict our ability to convert Renminbi into foreign currency.

Governmental control of currency conversion may limit our ability to utilize our cash balance effectively and affect the value of your investment.

The PRC government imposes controls on the convertibility of the Renminbi into foreign currencies and, in certain cases, the remittance of currency out of China. We receive substantially all of our revenues in Renminbi. Under our current corporate structure, our Cayman Islands holding company primarily relies on dividend payments from our PRC subsidiary to fund any cash and financing requirements we may have. Under existing PRC foreign exchange regulations, payments of current account items, including profit distributions, interest payments and trade and service-related foreign exchange transactions, can be made in foreign currencies without prior approval of SAFE by complying with certain procedural requirements. Specifically, under the existing exchange restrictions, without prior approval of SAFE, cash generated from the operations of our PRC subsidiary in China may be used to pay dividends to our company. However, approval from or registration with appropriate government authorities is required where Renminbi is to be converted into foreign currency and remitted out of China to pay capital expenses such as the repayment of loans denominated in foreign currencies. As a result, we need to obtain SAFE approval to use the cash generated from the operations of our PRC subsidiary and VIE to pay off their respective debt in a currency other than Renminbi owed to entities outside China, or to make other capital expenditure payments outside China in a currency other than Renminbi. The PRC government may at its discretion restrict access to foreign currencies for current account transactions in the future. If the foreign exchange control system prevents us from obtaining sufficient foreign currencies to satisfy our foreign currency demands, we may not be able to pay dividends in foreign currencies to our shareholders, including holders of the ADSs.

The audit report included in this prospectus is prepared by an auditor who is not inspected by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board and, as such, our investors are deprived of the benefits of such inspection.

Our independent registered public accounting firm that issues the audit report included in our prospectus filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, as auditor of companies that are traded publicly in the United States and a firm registered with the U.S. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or the PCAOB, is subject to the laws in the United States to undergo regular inspections by the PCAOB to assess its compliance with the laws of the United States and professional standards. Because our auditors are located in

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the PRC, and organized under the laws of the PRC, which is a jurisdiction where the PCAOB is currently unable to conduct inspections without the approval of the Chinese authorities, our auditor is not currently inspected by the PCAOB.

Inspections of other firms that the PCAOB has conducted outside China have identified deficiencies in those firms’ audit procedures and quality control procedures, which may be addressed as part of the inspection process to improve future audit quality. This lack of PCAOB inspections in China prevents the PCAOB from regularly evaluating our auditor’s audits and its quality control procedures. As a result, investors may be deprived of the benefits of PCAOB inspections.

The inability of the PCAOB to conduct inspections of auditors in China makes it more difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of our auditor’s audit procedures or quality control procedures as compared to auditors outside of China that are subject to PCAOB inspections. Investors may lose confidence in our reported financial information and procedures and the quality of our financial statements, which may have a material adverse effect on our ADS price.

In May 2013, PCAOB announced that it had entered into a Memorandum of Understanding on Enforcement Cooperation with the CSRC and the PRC Ministry of Finance, which establishes a cooperative framework between the parties for the production and exchange of audit documents relevant to investigations undertaken by PCAOB, the CSRC or the PRC Ministry of Finance in the United States and the PRC, respectively. PCAOB continues to be in discussions with the CSRC, and the PRC Ministry of Finance to permit joint inspections in the PRC of audit firms that are registered with PCAOB and audit Chinese companies that trade on U.S. exchanges.

On December 7, 2018, the SEC and the PCAOB issued a joint statement highlighting continued challenges faced by the U.S. regulators in their oversight of financial statement audits of U.S.-listed companies with significant operations in China. However, it remains unclear what further actions the SEC and PCAOB will take to address the problem.

Proceedings instituted by the SEC against four PRC-based accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm, could result in financial statements being determined to not be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act.

Starting in 2011 the China based “big four” accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm, were affected by a conflict between U.S. and PRC law. Specifically, for certain U.S.-listed companies operating and audited in mainland China, the SEC and the PCAOB sought to obtain from the Chinese firms access to their audit work papers and related documents. The firms were, however, advised and directed that under PRC law, they could not respond directly to the U.S. regulators on those requests, and that requests by foreign regulators for access to such papers in China had to be channelled through the China Securities Regulatory Commission, or the CSRC.

In late 2012, this impasse led the SEC to commence administrative proceedings under Rule 102(e) of its Rules of Practice and also under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 against the Chinese accounting firms, including our independent registered public accounting firm. A first instance trial of the proceedings in July 2013 in the SEC’s internal administrative court resulted in an adverse judgment against the firms. The administrative law judge proposed penalties on the firms including a temporary suspension of their right to practice before the SEC, although that proposed penalty did not take effect pending review by the Commissioners of the SEC. On February 6, 2015, before a review by the Commissioners had taken place, the firms reached a settlement with the SEC. Under the settlement, the SEC accepted that future requests by the SEC for the production of documents will normally be made to the CSRC. The firms were to receive matching Section 106 requests, and were required to abide by a detailed set of procedures with respect to such requests, which in substance require them to facilitate production via the CSRC. If they failed to meet specified criteria, the SEC retained authority to impose a variety of additional remedial measures on the firms depending on the nature of the failure. Under the terms of

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the settlement, the underlying proceeding against the four PRC-based accounting firms was deemed dismissed with prejudice at the end of four years starting from the settlement date, which was February 6, 2019. We cannot predict if the SEC will further challenge the four PRC-based accounting firms’ compliance with U.S. law in connection with U.S. regulatory requests for audit work papers or if the results of such a challenge would result in the SEC imposing penalties such as suspensions. If additional remedial measures are imposed on the China based “big four” accounting firms, we could be unable to timely file future financial statements in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act.

In the event that the SEC restarts the administrative proceedings, depending upon the final outcome, listed companies in the United States with major PRC operations may find it difficult or impossible to retain auditors in respect of their operations in the PRC, which could result in financial statements being determined to not be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act, including possible delisting. Moreover, any negative news about any such future proceedings against these audit firms may cause investor uncertainty regarding China-based, U.S.-listed companies and the market price of our ADSs may be adversely affected.

If our independent registered public accounting firm was denied, even temporarily, the ability to practice before the SEC and we were unable to timely find another registered public accounting firm to audit and issue an opinion on our financial statements, our financial statements could be determined not to be in compliance with the requirements of the Exchange Act. Such a determination could ultimately lead to the delisting of our ADSs from the [Nasdaq Global Select Market] or deregistration from the SEC, or both, which would substantially reduce or effectively terminate the trading of our ADSs in the United States.

RISKS RELATING TO THE ADSS AND THIS OFFERING

An active trading market for our ordinary shares or the ADSs may not develop and the trading price for the ADSs may fluctuate significantly.

[The ADSs have been approved for listing on the [Nasdaq Global Select Market].] We have no current intention to seek a listing for our ordinary shares on any stock exchange. Prior to the completion of this offering, there has been no public market for the ADSs or our ordinary shares, and we cannot assure you that a liquid public market for the ADSs will develop. If an active public market for the ADSs does not develop following the completion of this offering, the market price and liquidity of the ADSs may be materially and adversely affected. The initial public offering price for the ADSs will be determined by negotiation between us and the underwriters based upon several factors, and we can provide no assurance that the trading price of the ADSs after this offering will not decline below the initial public offering price. As a result, investors in our securities may experience a significant decrease in the value of their ADSs.

The trading price of the ADSs is likely to be volatile, which could result in substantial losses to investors.

The trading price of the ADSs is likely to be volatile and could fluctuate widely due to factors beyond our control. This may happen because of broad market and industry factors, including the performance and fluctuation of the market prices of other companies with business operations located mainly in China that have listed their securities in the United States. In addition to market and industry factors, the price and trading volume for the ADSs may be highly volatile for factors specific to our own operations, including the following:

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Any of these factors may result in large and sudden changes in the trading volume and price of the ADSs.

In the past, shareholders of public companies have often brought securities class action suits against those companies following periods of instability in the market price of their securities. If we were involved in a class action suit, it could divert a significant amount of our management’s attention and other resources from our business and operations and require us to incur significant expenses to defend the suit, which could harm our results of operations. Any such class action suit, whether or not successful, could harm our reputation and restrict our ability to raise capital in the future. In addition, if a claim is successfully made against us, we may be required to pay significant damages, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

We are an emerging growth company within the meaning of the Securities Act and may take advantage of certain reduced reporting requirements.

We are an “emerging growth company,” as defined in the JOBS Act, and we may take advantage of certain exemptions from requirements applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies including, most significantly, not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 for so long as we remain an emerging growth company. As a result, if we elect not to comply with such auditor attestation requirements, our investors may not have access to certain information they may deem important.

If securities or industry analysts cease to publish research or reports about our business, or if they adversely change their recommendations regarding the ADSs, the market price for the ADSs and trading volume could decline.

The trading market for the ADSs will be influenced by research or reports that industry or securities analysts publish about our business. If one or more analysts who cover us downgrade the ADSs, the market price for the ADSs would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease to cover us or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which, in turn, could cause the market price or trading volume for the ADSs to decline.

The sale or availability for sale, or perceived sale or availability for sale, of substantial amounts of the ADSs could adversely affect their market price.

Sales of substantial amounts of the ADSs in the public market after the completion of this offering, or the perception that these sales could occur, could adversely affect the market price of the ADSs and could materially impair our ability to raise capital through equity offerings in the future. The ADSs sold in this offering will be freely tradable without restriction or further registration under the Securities Act, and shares held by our existing shareholders may also be sold in the public market in the future subject to the restrictions in Rule 144 and Rule 701 under the Securities Act and the applicable lock-up agreements. There will be              ADSs

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(equivalent to              ordinary shares) outstanding immediately after this offering, or              ADSs (equivalent to              ordinary shares) if the underwriters exercise their over-allotment option in full. [In connection with this offering, we, our directors and executive officers and our existing shareholders have agreed not to sell any ordinary shares or ADSs for 180 days after the date of this prospectus without the prior written consent of the underwriters, subject to certain exceptions. However, the underwriters may release these securities from these restrictions at any time, subject to applicable regulations of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, Inc.] We cannot predict what effect, if any, market sales of securities held by our significant shareholders or any other shareholder or the availability of these securities for future sale will have on the market price of the ADSs. See “Underwriting” and “Shares Eligible for Future Sale” for a more detailed description of the restrictions on selling these securities after this offering.

The voting rights of holders of ADSs are limited by the terms of the deposit agreement, and you may not be able to exercise your right to vote the underlying ordinary shares represented by your ADSs.

Holders of ADSs do not have the same rights as our registered shareholders. As a holder of ADSs, you will not have any direct right to attend general meetings of our shareholders or to cast any votes at such meetings. You will only be able to exercise the voting rights which are carried by the underlying ordinary shares represented by your ADSs indirectly by giving voting instructions to the depositary in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. If we instruct the depositary to solicit voting instructions, then upon receipt of your voting instructions, the depositary will try, as far as is practicable, to vote the underlying ordinary shares represented by your ADSs in accordance with your instructions. If we do not instruct the depositary to ask for your instructions, the depositary may still vote in accordance with the instructions you give, but it is not required to do so. You will not be able to directly exercise your right to vote with respect to the underlying ordinary shares unless you withdraw the shares, and become the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date for the general meeting. When a general meeting is convened, you may not receive sufficient advance notice of the meeting to withdraw the ordinary shares represented by your ADSs and become the registered holder of such shares to allow you to attend the general meeting and to vote directly with respect to any specific matter or resolution to be considered and voted upon at the general meeting. In addition, under our post-offering memorandum and articles of association that will become effective immediately prior to completion of this offering, for the purposes of determining those shareholders who are entitled to attend and vote at any general meeting, our directors may close our register of members and/or fix in advance a record date for such meeting, and such closure of our register of members or the setting of such a record date may prevent you from withdrawing the underlying ordinary shares represented by your ADSs and becoming the registered holder of such shares prior to the record date, so that you would not be able to attend the general meeting or to vote directly. If we ask for your instructions, the depositary will notify you of the upcoming vote and will arrange to deliver our voting materials to you. If we will instruct the depositary to solicit voting instructions, we will give the depositary at least [30] days’ prior notice of shareholder meetings. Nevertheless, we cannot assure you that you will receive the voting materials in time to ensure that you can instruct the depositary to vote the underlying ordinary shares represented by your ADSs. In addition, the depositary and its agents are not responsible for failing to carry out voting instructions or for their manner of carrying out your voting instructions. This means that you may not be able to exercise your right to direct how the underlying ordinary shares represented by your ADSs are voted and you may have no legal remedy if the underlying ordinary shares represented by your ADSs are not voted as you requested. In addition, in your capacity as an ADS holder, you will not be able to call a shareholders’ meeting.

We are entitled to amend the deposit agreement and to change the rights of ADS holders under the terms of such agreement, or to terminate the deposit agreement, without the prior consent of the ADS holders.

We are entitled to amend the deposit agreement and to change the rights of the ADS holders under the terms of such agreement, without the prior consent of the ADS holders. We and the depositary may agree to amend the deposit agreement in any way we decide is necessary or advantageous to us. Amendments may reflect, among other things, operational changes in the ADS program, legal developments affecting ADSs or changes in the

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terms of our business relationship with the depositary. In the event that the terms of an amendment are disadvantageous to ADS holders, ADS holders will only receive 30 days’ advance notice of the amendment, and no prior consent of the ADS holders is required under the deposit agreement. Furthermore, we may decide to terminate the ADS facility at any time for any reason. For example, terminations may occur when we decide to list our shares on a non-U.S. securities exchange and determine not to continue to sponsor an ADS facility or when we become the subject of a takeover or a going-private transaction. If the ADS facility will terminate, ADS holders will receive at least [90] days’ prior notice, but no prior consent is required from them. Under the circumstances that we decide to make an amendment to the deposit agreement that is disadvantageous to ADS holders or terminate the deposit agreement, the ADS holders may choose to sell their ADSs or surrender their ADSs and become direct holders of the underlying ordinary shares, but will have no right to any compensation whatsoever.

[ADSs holders may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to claims arising under the deposit agreement, which could result in less favorable outcomes to the plaintiff(s) in any such action.

The deposit agreement governing the ADSs representing our ordinary shares provides that, to the fullest extent permitted by law, ADS holders waive the right to a jury trial of any claim they may have against us or the depositary arising out of or relating to our shares, the ADSs or the deposit agreement, including any claim under the U.S. federal securities laws.

If we or the depositary opposed a jury trial demand based on the waiver, the court would determine whether the waiver was enforceable based on the facts and circumstances of that case in accordance with the applicable state and federal law. To our knowledge, the enforceability of a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver in connection with claims arising under the federal securities laws has not been finally adjudicated by the United States Supreme Court. However, we believe that a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver provision is generally enforceable, including under the laws of the State of New York, which govern the deposit agreement, by a federal or state court in the City of New York, which has non-exclusive jurisdiction over matters arising under the deposit agreement. In determining whether to enforce a contractual pre-dispute jury trial waiver provision, courts will generally consider whether a party knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily waived the right to a jury trial. We believe that this is the case with respect to the deposit agreement and the ADSs. It is advisable that you consult legal counsel regarding the jury waiver provision before entering into the deposit agreement.

If you or any other holders or beneficial owners of ADSs bring a claim against us or the depositary in connection with matters arising under the deposit agreement or the ADSs, including claims under federal securities laws, you or such other holder or beneficial owner may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to such claims, which may have the effect of limiting and discouraging lawsuits against us or the depositary. If a lawsuit is brought against us or the depositary under the deposit agreement, it may be heard only by a judge or justice of the applicable trial court, which would be conducted according to different civil procedures and may result in different outcomes than a trial by jury would have had, including results that could be less favorable to the plaintiff(s) in any such action.

Nevertheless, if this jury trial waiver provision is not permitted by applicable law, an action could proceed under the terms of the deposit agreement with a jury trial.

No condition, stipulation or provision of the deposit agreement or ADSs serves as a waiver by any holder or beneficial owner of ADSs or by us or the depositary of compliance with any substantive provision of the U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.]

Because the initial public offering price is substantially higher than the pro forma net tangible book value per share, you will experience immediate and substantial dilution.

If you purchase the ADSs in this offering, you will pay more for each ADS than the corresponding amount paid by existing shareholders for their ordinary shares. As a result, you will experience immediate and substantial

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dilution of approximately US$             per ADS, assuming that no outstanding options to acquire ordinary shares are exercised. This number represents the difference between the assumed initial public offering price of US$             per ADS, being the mid-point of the estimated range of the initial offering price shown on the front cover of this prospectus, and our pro forma net tangible book value per ADS as of             , 2019, after giving effect to this offering. You may experience further dilution to the extent that our ordinary shares are issued upon exercise of any share options. [See “Dilution” for a more complete description of how the value of your investment in ADSs will be diluted upon completion of this offering.]

Because we do not expect to pay dividends in the foreseeable future after this offering, you must rely on price appreciation of the ADSs for return on your investment.

We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings after this offering to fund the development and growth of our business. As a result, we do not expect to pay any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Therefore, you should not rely on an investment in the ADSs as a source for any future dividend income.

Our board of directors has complete discretion as to whether to distribute dividends, subject to certain requirements of Cayman Islands law. In addition, our shareholders may, subject to the provisions of our articles of association, by ordinary resolution declare a dividend, but no dividend may exceed the amount recommended by our directors. Under Cayman Islands law, a Cayman Islands company may pay a dividend out of either profit or share premium account, provided that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in the company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. Even if our board of directors decides to declare and pay dividends, the timing, amount and form of future dividends, if any, will depend on our future results of operations and cash flow, our capital requirements and surplus, the amount of distributions, if any, received by us from our subsidiary, our financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. Accordingly, the return on your investment in the ADSs will likely depend entirely upon any future price appreciation of the ADSs. There is no guarantee that the ADSs will appreciate in value after this offering or even maintain the price at which you purchased the ADSs. You may not realize a return on your investment in the ADSs and you may even lose your entire investment in the ADSs.

[You may not receive dividends or other distributions on our ordinary shares and you may not receive any value for them, if it is illegal or impractical to make them available to you.

The depositary has agreed to pay to you the cash dividends or other distributions it or the custodian receives on ordinary shares or other deposited securities underlying the ADSs, after deducting its fees and expenses. You will receive these distributions in proportion to the number of ordinary shares your ADSs represent. However, the depositary is not responsible if it decides that it is unlawful or impractical to make a distribution available to any holders of ADSs. For example, it would be unlawful to make a distribution to a holder of ADSs if it consists of securities that require registration under the Securities Act of 1933 but that are not properly registered or distributed under an applicable exemption from registration. The depositary may also determine that it is not feasible to distribute certain property through the mail. Additionally, the value of certain distributions may be less than the cost of mailing them. In these cases, the depositary may determine not to distribute such property. We have no obligation to register under U.S. securities laws any ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or other securities received through such distributions. We also have no obligation to take any other action to permit the distribution of ADSs, ordinary shares, rights or anything else to holders of ADSs. This means that you may not receive distributions we make on our ordinary shares or any value for them if it is illegal or impractical for us to make them available to you. These restrictions may cause a material decline in the value of the ADSs.]

[You may experience dilution of your holdings due to the inability to participate in rights offerings.

We may, from time to time, distribute rights to our shareholders, including rights to acquire securities. Under the deposit agreement, the depositary will not distribute rights to holders of ADSs unless the distribution

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and sale of rights and the securities to which these rights relate are either exempt from registration under the Securities Act with respect to all holders of ADSs, or are registered under the provisions of the Securities Act. The depositary may, but is not required to, attempt to sell these undistributed rights to third parties, and may allow the rights to lapse. We may be unable to establish an exemption from registration under the Securities Act, and we are under no obligation to file a registration statement with respect to these rights or underlying securities or to endeavor to have a registration statement declared effective. Accordingly, holders of ADSs may be unable to participate in our rights offerings and may experience dilution of their holdings as a result.]

We will incur increased costs as a result of being a public company, particularly after we cease to qualify as an “emerging growth company.”

Upon completion of this offering, we will become a public company and expect to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses that we did not incur as a private company. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, as well as rules subsequently implemented by the Securities and Exchange Commission, or the SEC, and [Nasdaq Global Select Market], impose various requirements on the corporate governance practices of public companies. As a company with less than US$1.07 billion in revenues for our last fiscal year, we qualify as an “emerging growth company” pursuant to the JOBS Act. An emerging growth company may take advantage of specified reduced reporting and other requirements that are otherwise applicable generally to public companies. These provisions include exemption from the auditor attestation requirement under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, or Section 404, in the assessment of the emerging growth company’s internal control over financial reporting and permission to delay adopting new or revised accounting standards until such time as those standards apply to private companies.

We expect these rules and regulations to increase our legal and financial compliance costs and to make some corporate activities more time-consuming and costly. After we are no longer an “emerging growth company,” we expect to incur significant expenses and devote substantial management effort toward ensuring compliance with the requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the other rules and regulations of the SEC. For example, as a result of becoming a public company, we will need to increase the number of independent directors and adopt policies regarding internal controls and disclosure controls and procedures. We also expect that operating as a public company will make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance, and we may be required to accept reduced policy limits and coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain the same or similar coverage. In addition, we will incur additional costs associated with our public company reporting requirements. It may also be more difficult for us to find qualified persons to serve on our board of directors or as executive officers. We are currently evaluating and monitoring developments with respect to these rules and regulations, and we cannot predict or estimate with any degree of certainty the number of additional costs we may incur or the timing of such costs.

You may face difficulties in protecting your interests, and your ability to protect your rights through U.S. courts may be limited, because we are incorporated under Cayman Islands law.

We are an exempted company incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands with limited liability. Our corporate affairs are governed by our memorandum and articles of association, the Companies Law (2018 Revision) of the Cayman Islands and the common law of the Cayman Islands. The rights of shareholders to take action against our directors, actions by our minority shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors to us under Cayman Islands law are to a large extent governed by the common law of the Cayman Islands. The common law of the Cayman Islands is derived in part from comparatively limited judicial precedent in the Cayman Islands as well as from the common law of England, the decisions of whose courts are of persuasive authority, but are not binding, on a court in the Cayman Islands. The rights of our shareholders and the fiduciary duties of our directors under Cayman Islands law are not as clearly established as they would be under statutes or judicial precedent in some jurisdictions in the United States. In particular, the Cayman Islands has a less developed body of securities laws than the United States. Some U.S. states, such as Delaware, have more fully developed and judicially interpreted bodies of corporate law than the Cayman Islands. In addition, Cayman

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Islands companies may not have the standing to initiate a shareholder derivative action in a federal court of the United States.

Shareholders of Cayman Islands exempted companies like us have no general rights under Cayman Islands law to inspect corporate records or to obtain copies of lists of shareholders of these companies. Our directors have discretion under our articles of association that will become effective immediately prior to completion of this offering to determine whether or not, and under what conditions, our corporate records may be inspected by our shareholders, but are not obliged to make them available to our shareholders. This may make it more difficult for you to obtain the information needed to establish any facts necessary for a shareholder motion or to solicit proxies from other shareholders in connection with a proxy contest.

As a result of all of the above, our public shareholders may have more difficulty in protecting their interests in the face of actions taken by management, members of our board of directors or controlling shareholders than they would as public shareholders of a company incorporated in the United States. For a discussion of significant differences between the provisions of the Companies Law of the Cayman Islands and the laws applicable to companies incorporated in the United States and their shareholders, see “Description of Share Capital—Differences in Corporate Law.”

Certain judgments obtained against us by our shareholders may not be enforceable.

We are a Cayman Islands company and substantially all of our assets are located outside of the United States. Our current operations are conducted in China. In addition, some of our current directors and officers are nationals and residents of countries other than the United States. Substantially all of the assets of these persons are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for you to bring an action against us or against these individuals in the United States in the event that you believe that your rights have been infringed under the U.S. federal securities laws or otherwise. Even if you are successful in bringing an action of this kind, the laws of the Cayman Islands and of China may render you unable to enforce a judgment against our assets or the assets of our directors and officers. For more information regarding the relevant laws of the Cayman Islands and China, see “Enforceability of Civil Liabilities.”

As a company incorporated in the Cayman Islands, we are permitted to adopt certain home country practices in relation to corporate governance matters that differ significantly from the [Nasdaq Stock Market corporate governance listing standards]; these practices may afford less protection to shareholders than they would enjoy if we complied fully with the [Nasdaq Stock Market corporate governance listing standards].

As a Cayman Islands company listed on the [Nasdaq Global Select Market], we are subject to the [Nasdaq Stock Market corporate governance listing standards]. However, the [Nasdaq Stock Market rules] permit a foreign private issuer like us to follow the corporate governance practices of its home country. Certain corporate governance practices in the Cayman Islands, which is our home country, may differ significantly from the [Nasdaq Stock Market corporate governance listing standards]. We may elect to rely on home country practice to be exempted from the corporate governance requirements. As a result, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than they would otherwise enjoy under the [Nasdaq Stock Market corporate governance listing standards] applicable to U.S. domestic issuers.

We are a foreign private issuer within the meaning of the rules under the Exchange Act, and as such we are exempt from certain provisions applicable to U.S. domestic public companies.

Because we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the securities rules and regulations in the United States that are applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, including:

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We will be required to file an annual report on Form 20-F within four months of the end of each fiscal year. In addition, we intend to publish our results on a quarterly basis as press releases, distributed pursuant to the rules and regulations of the [Nasdaq Global Select Market]. Press releases relating to financial results and material events will also be furnished to the SEC on Form 6-K. However, the information we are required to file with or furnish to the SEC will be less extensive and less timely compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. As a result, you may not be afforded the same protections or information that would be made available to you were you investing in a U.S. domestic issuer.

There can be no assurance that we will not be a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for any taxable year, which could result in adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences to U.S. investors in the ADSs or our ordinary shares.

In general, a non-U.S. corporation is a PFIC for any taxable year in which (i) 75% or more of its gross income consists of passive income or (ii) 50% or more of the average value of its assets consists of assets (generally determined on a quarterly basis) that produce, or are held for the production of, passive income. For purposes of the above calculations, a non-U.S. corporation that owns at least 25% by value of the shares of another corporation is treated as if it held its proportionate share of the assets of the other corporation and received directly its proportionate share of the income of the other corporation. Passive income generally includes dividends, interest, rents, royalties and certain gains. Cash is a passive asset for these purposes. Goodwill is an active asset under the PFIC rules to the extent attributable to activities that produce active income.

Based on the expected composition of our income and assets and the value of our assets, including goodwill, which is based on the expected price of the ADSs in this offering, we do not expect to be a PFIC for our current taxable year. However, our PFIC status for any taxable year is an annual determination that can be made only after the end of that year and will depend on the composition of our income and assets and the value of our assets from time to time (which may be determined, in part, by reference to the market price of the ADSs, which could be volatile). Moreover, it is not entirely clear how the contractual arrangements between us and our VIE will be treated for purposes of the PFIC rules, and we may be or become a PFIC if our VIE is not treated as owned by us for these purposes. Furthermore, we will hold a substantial amount of cash following this offering. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that we will not be a PFIC for our current or any future taxable year.

If we were a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. investor owned the ADSs or our ordinary shares, the U.S. investor generally would be subject to adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences, including increased tax liability on disposition gains and “excess distributions” and additional reporting requirements. See “Taxation—Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Consideration—Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules.”

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SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. All statements other than statements of historical facts are forward-looking statements. These statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results, performance or achievements to be materially different from those expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements.

You can identify these forward-looking statements by words or phrases such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “aim,” “estimate,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe,” “likely to” or other similar expressions. We have based these forward-looking statements largely on our current expectations and projections about future events and financial trends that we believe may affect our financial condition, results of operations, business strategy and financial needs. These forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about:

You should read thoroughly this prospectus and the documents that we refer to in this prospectus with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from and worse than what we expect. Other sections of this prospectus include additional factors which could adversely impact our business and financial performance. Moreover, we operate in an evolving environment. New risk factors and uncertainties emerge from time to time and it is not possible for our management to predict all risk factors and uncertainties, nor can we assess the impact of all factors on our business or the extent to which any factor, or combination of factors, may cause actual results to differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

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USE OF PROCEEDS

We estimate that we will receive net proceeds from this offering of approximately US$                 million, or approximately US$                 million if the underwriters exercise their option to purchase additional ADSs in full, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and the estimated offering expenses payable by us. [We will not receive any of the proceeds from the sale of the ADSs being sold by the selling shareholders.]

We intend to use the net proceeds from this offering for the following purposes:

If an unforeseen event occurs or business conditions change, we may use the proceeds of this offering differently than as described in this prospectus. In utilizing the proceeds from this offering, we are permitted under PRC laws and regulations to provide funding to our PRC subsidiaries only through loans or capital contributions, and to our consolidated VIE only through loans, and only if we satisfy the applicable government registration and approval requirements. We cannot assure you that we will be able to meet these requirements on a timely basis, if at all. See “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in the PRC—PRC regulation of loans to and direct investment in PRC entities by offshore holding companies and governmental control of currency conversion may delay or prevent us from using the proceeds of this offering to make loans or additional capital contributions to our PRC subsidiary, which could materially and adversely affect our liquidity and our ability to fund and expand our business.”

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DIVIDEND POLICY

We have not previously declared or paid cash dividends and we have no plan to declare or pay any dividends in the near future on our shares or the ADSs representing our ordinary shares. We currently intend to retain most, if not all, of our available funds and any future earnings to operate and expand our business.

We are a holding company incorporated in the Cayman Islands. We rely principally on dividends from our PRC subsidiaries for our cash requirements, including any payment of dividends to our shareholders. PRC regulations may restrict the ability of our PRC subsidiaries to pay dividends to us. See “Regulation—Regulations relating to Dividend Distribution.”

Our Board of Directors has discretion as to whether to distribute dividends, subject to certain requirements of Cayman Islands law. In addition, our shareholders may, subject to the provisions of our articles of association, by ordinary resolution declare a dividend, but no dividend may exceed the amount recommended by our Board of Directors. Under Cayman Islands law, a Cayman Islands company may pay a dividend out of either profit or share premium account, provided that in no circumstances may a dividend be paid if this would result in the company being unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business. Even if our Board of Directors decides to pay dividends, the form, frequency and amount will depend upon our future operations and earnings, capital requirements and surplus, general financial condition, contractual restrictions and other factors that the board of directors may deem relevant. If we pay any dividends on our ordinary shares, we will pay those dividends which are payable in respect of the ordinary shares underlying the ADSs to the depositary, as the registered holder of such ordinary shares, and the depositary then will pay such amounts to the ADS holders in proportion to the ordinary shares underlying the ADSs held by such ADS holders, subject to the terms of the deposit agreement, including the fees and expenses payable thereunder. See “Description of American Depositary Shares.”

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CAPITALIZATION

The following table sets forth our capitalization as of December 31, 2018:

You should read this table together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus and the information under “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

Notes:

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DILUTION

If you invest in our ADSs, your interest will be diluted to the extent of the difference between the initial public offering price per ADS and our net tangible book value per ADS after this offering. Dilution results from the fact that the initial public offering price per ordinary share is substantially in excess of the book value per ordinary share attributable to the existing shareholders for our presently outstanding ordinary shares.

Our net tangible book value as of December 31, 2018 was approximately US$             per ordinary share and US$             per ADS. Net tangible book value per ordinary share represents the amount of total tangible assets, minus the amount of total liabilities, divided by the total number of ordinary shares outstanding. Dilution is determined by subtracting net tangible book value per ordinary share from the public offering price per ordinary share.

Without taking into account any other changes in such net tangible book value after December 31, 2018, other than to give effect to (i) the conversion of all of our preferred shares into ordinary shares on a one-to-one basis, which will occur automatically immediately prior to the completion of this offering and (ii) our issuance and sale of ADSs offered in this offering at an initial public offering price of US$             per ADS, after deduction of the underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses payable by us, our pro forma as adjusted net tangible book value as of December 31, 2018 would have been approximately US$             million, or US$             per ordinary share and US$             per ADS, to existing shareholders and an immediate dilution in net tangible book value of US$             per ordinary share, or US$             per ADS, to purchasers of ADSs in this offering.

The following table illustrates the dilution on a per ordinary share basis at the initial public offering price per ordinary share is US$             and all ADSs are exchanged for ordinary shares:

The pro forma information discussed above is illustrative only.

The following table summarizes, on a pro forma basis as of December 31, 2018, the differences between the existing shareholders and the new investors with respect to the number of ordinary shares purchased from us in this offering, the total consideration paid and the average price per ordinary share paid at the initial public offering price of US$             per ADS before deducting estimated underwriting discounts and commissions and estimated offering expenses. The total number of ordinary shares does not include ordinary shares underlying the ADSs issuable upon the exercise of the over-allotment option granted to the underwriters.

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The discussion and tables above also assume no exercise of any awards outstanding as of the date of this prospectus. As of the date of this prospectus, we have granted 12,416,500 awards to purchase up to 12,416,500 ordinary shares under the 2019 Plan. To the extent that any of these awards are exercised, there will be further dilution to new investors.

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ENFORCEABILITY OF CIVIL LIABILITIES

Cayman Islands

We are incorporated under the laws of the Cayman Islands as an exempted company with limited liability. We enjoy the following benefits:

However, certain disadvantages accompany incorporation in the Cayman Islands. These disadvantages include, but are not limited to, the following:

Our constitutional documents do not contain provisions requiring that disputes, including those arising under the securities laws of the United States, between us, our officers, directors and shareholders, be arbitrated.

Substantially all of our operations are conducted in China, and a significant portion of our assets are located in China. A majority of our directors and executive officers are nationals or residents of jurisdictions other than the United States and a substantial portion of their assets are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult for a shareholder to effect service of process within the United States upon these persons, or to enforce against us or them judgments obtained in United States courts, including judgments predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States.

We have appointed              as our agent upon whom process may be served in any action brought against us under the securities laws of the United States.

Walkers (Hong Kong), our counsel as to Cayman Islands law, and Shihui Partners, our counsel as to PRC law, have advised us, respectively, that there is uncertainty as to whether the courts of the Cayman Islands and China, respectively, would:

We have been advised by our Cayman Islands legal counsel, Walkers (Hong Kong), that the courts of the Cayman Islands are unlikely (i) to recognize or enforce against us judgments of courts of the United States predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any State; and (ii) in original actions brought in the Cayman Islands, to impose liabilities against us predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the securities laws of the United States or any State, so far as the liabilities imposed by those provisions are penal in nature. In those circumstances, although there is no statutory enforcement in the Cayman Islands of judgments obtained in the United States, the courts of the Cayman Islands, will, at common law, recognize and enforce a foreign money judgment of a foreign court of competent jurisdiction without retrial on

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the merits of the underlying dispute, based on the principle that a judgment of a competent foreign court imposes upon the judgment debtor an obligation to pay the sum for which judgment has been given provided certain conditions are met. For such a foreign judgment to be enforced in the Cayman Islands, such judgment must be final and conclusive and for a liquidated sum, and must not be in respect of taxes or a fine or penalty, inconsistent with a Cayman Islands judgment in respect of the same matter, impeachable on the grounds of fraud or obtained in a manner, and or be of a kind the enforcement of which is, contrary to natural justice or the public policy of the Cayman Islands (awards of punitive or multiple damages may well be held to be contrary to public policy). A Cayman Islands court may stay enforcement proceedings if concurrent proceedings are being brought elsewhere.

PRC

We have been advised by Shihui Partners, our PRC Legal Counsel, that there is uncertainty as to whether the courts of the PRC would enforce judgments of United States courts or Cayman courts obtained against us or these persons predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the United States federal and state securities laws. Shihui Partners has further advised us that the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments are provided for under PRC Civil Procedures Law. PRC courts may recognize and enforce foreign judgments in accordance with the requirements of PRC Civil Procedures Law based either on treaties between China and the country where the judgment is made or on reciprocity between jurisdictions. China does not have any treaties or other form of reciprocity with the United States or the Cayman Islands that provide for the reciprocal recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments. In addition, according to the PRC Civil Procedures Law, courts in the PRC will not enforce a foreign judgment against us or our directors and officers if they decide that the judgment violates the basic principles of PRC law or national sovereignty, security or public interest. As a result, it is uncertain whether and on what basis a PRC court would enforce a judgment rendered by a court in the United States or in the Cayman Islands. Under the PRC Civil Procedures Law, foreign shareholders may originate actions based on PRC law against us in the PRC, if they can establish sufficient nexus to the PRC for a PRC court to have jurisdiction, and meet other procedural requirements, including, among others, the plaintiff must have a direct interest in the case, and there must be a concrete claim, a factual basis and a cause for the suit. However, it would be difficult for foreign shareholders to establish sufficient nexus to the PRC by virtue only of holding the ADSs or ordinary shares.

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CORPORATE HISTORY AND STRUCTURE

Corporate History

We launched our clinical diagnosis and monitoring services in 2015 with the establishment of Genetron Health (Beijing) Co., Ltd., or Genetron Health.

In contemplation of this offering, we underwent a series of restructuring transactions, which primarily included:

We are a holding company and do not directly own any substantive business operations in the PRC. We currently focus our business operations within the PRC through Genetron Health and its subsidiaries. See “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Our Corporate Structure.” Genetron Health and its subsidiaries hold our Medical Institution Practicing Licenses, production permits of medical devices and operation permits of medical devices that are necessary for our business operations in the PRC.

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Corporate Structure

The following diagram illustrates our corporate structure as of the date of this prospectus, including our material subsidiaries and VIE:

Contractual Arrangements with our VIE and its Shareholders

We established our VIE to conduct our precision oncology services that relate to development and application of technologies for diagnosis and treatment of human stem cells and genes specifically prohibited for foreign investment in PRC. We exercise effective control over our VIE through contractual arrangements among the WFOE, our VIE and its shareholders.

The contractual arrangements allow us to:

As a result of these contractual arrangements, we are the primary beneficiary of our VIE and, therefore, have consolidated the financial results of our VIE in our consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS.

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In the opinion of Shihui Partners, our PRC Legal Counsel:

However, our PRC Legal Counsel has also advised us that there are substantial uncertainties regarding the interpretation and application of current and future PRC laws, regulations and rules. In particular, in March 2019, the National People’s Congress of the PRC adopted the PRC Foreign Investment Law, which will become effective on January 1, 2020. Among other things, the PRC Foreign Investment Law defines the “foreign investment” as investment activities in China by foreign investors in a direct or indirect manner, including those circumstances explicitly listed thereunder as establishing new projects or foreign invested enterprises or acquiring shares of enterprises in China, and other approaches of investment as stipulated by laws, administrative regulations or otherwise regulated by the State Council. The PRC Foreign Investment Law leaves uncertainty as to whether foreign investors’ controlling PRC onshore variable interest entities via contractual arrangements will be recognized as “foreign investment” and thus be subject to the restrictions/prohibitions on foreign investments. Accordingly, the PRC regulatory authorities may take a view that is contrary to the opinion of our PRC legal counsel.

The following is a summary of the contractual arrangements by and among the WFOE, our VIE and the shareholders of our VIE and their spouses, as applicable.

Agreements that Provide us with Effective Control over Genetron Health

Shareholder Voting Rights Entrustment Agreement.    Pursuant to the Shareholder Voting Rights Entrustment Agreement dated July 30, 2019 among the WFOE, Genetron Health and the shareholders of Genetron Health , these shareholders irrevocably authorize the WFOE or any person(s) designated by the WFOE to act as his or her attorney-in-fact to exercise all of his or her rights as a shareholder of Genetron Health, including, but not limited to, the right to call and attend shareholders’ meetings, execute and deliver any and all written resolutions and meeting minutes as a shareholder, vote by itself or by proxy on any matters discussed on shareholders’ meetings, sell, transfer, pledge or dispose of any or all of the shares, nominate, appoint or remove the directors, supervisors and senior management, and other shareholders rights conferred by the articles of association of Genetron Health and the relevant laws and regulations. This agreement shall terminate once (i) WFOE or its designated party directly holds the entire assets of Genetron Health, and WFOE or its designated party is allowed to conduct the business of our VIE under the then PRC laws, or (ii) WFOE or its designated party is registered as the sole shareholder of Our VIE, and WFOE or its designated party is allowed to conduct the business of our VIE under the then PRC laws. The shareholders shall not have the right to terminate this agreement or revoke the appointment of the attorney-in-fact without the prior written consent of the WFOE.

Spousal Consent Letter.    The spouse of each of Mr. Sizhen Wang, Mrs. Xiaoge Wang and Mrs. Shuyan Wei has signed a spousal consent letter. Under the spousal consent letter, the spouse unconditionally and irrevocably waives any rights or entitlements whatsoever to such shares that may be granted to his/her pursuant to applicable laws and undertakes not to make any assertion of rights to such shares. The spouse agrees and undertakes that he/she will take all necessary actions to ensure the proper performance of the contractual arrangements, and will be bound by the contractual arrangements in case he/she obtains any equity of Genetron Health due to any reason.

Equity Interest Pledge Agreement.    Pursuant to the Equity Interest Pledge Agreement dated July 30, 2019 among the WFOE and the shareholders of Genetron Health, the shareholders of Genetron Health have pledged

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100% equity interest in Genetron Health in favor of WFOE to guarantee the performance by Genetron Health and its shareholders of their obligations under the Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement, the Exclusive Option Agreement and any other agreements to be executed among the WFOE, Genetron Health and the shareholders from time to time. If Genetron Health or its shareholders breach their contractual obligations under these agreements, the WFOE, as pledgee, will have the right to dispose of the pledged shares entirely or partially. The shareholders of Genetron Health also agreed, without the WFOE’s prior written consent, not to transfer the pledged shares, establish or permit the existence of any security interest or other encumbrance on the pledged shares, or dispose of the pledged shares by any other means, except by the performance of the Exclusive Option Agreement. We have completed the registration of the pledge of equity interests in Genetron Health with the relevant office of Administration for Industry and Commerce in accordance with the PRC Property Rights Law.

Agreements that Allow us to Receive Economic Benefits from Genetron Health

Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement.    Pursuant to the Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreement dated July 2, 2019 between the WFOE and Genetron Health, the WFOE or its designated entities affiliated has the exclusive right to provide Genetron Health with technical support, business support and consulting services in return for fees equal to 100% of the consolidated net profits of Genetron Health. Without the WFOE’s prior written consent, Genetron Health shall not, directly and indirectly, obtain the same or similar services as provided under this agreement from any third party, or enter into any similar agreement with any third party. The WFOE has the right to determine the service fee charged to Genetron Health under this agreement by considering, among other things, the complexity of the services, the time spent by employees of the WFOE to provide the services, contents and commercial value of the service provided, as well as the benchmark price of similar services in the market. The WFOE will have the exclusive ownership of all intellectual property rights developed by performance of this agreement. The Exclusive Business Cooperation Agreements will remain effective until it is terminated at the discretion of the WFOE or upon the transfer of all the shares of Genetron Health to the WFOE and/or a third party designated by the WFOE.

Agreements that Provide us with the Option to Purchase the Equity Interests in Genetron Health

Exclusive Option Agreement.    Pursuant to the Exclusive Option Agreement dated July 30, 2019 among the WFOE, Genetron Health and its shareholders, the shareholders of Genetron Health irrevocably granted the WFOE or any third party designated by the WFOE an exclusive option to purchase all or part of their equity interests in Genetron Health at the lowest price permitted by applicable PRC laws. Those shareholders further undertake that they will neither allow the encumbrance of any security interest in Genetron Health, except for the pledge created pursuant to the Equity Interest Pledge Agreement, nor transfer, mortgage or otherwise dispose of their legal or beneficial interests in Genetron Health without the prior written consent of the WFOE, and will cause the shareholders’ meeting and/or the board of directors and/or the executive directors of Genetron Health not to approve such proposal. This agreement will remain effective until it is terminated at the discretion of the WFOE or upon the transfer of all the equity interest in Genetron Health to the WFOE and/or a third party designated by the WFOE.

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SELECTED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA

The following summary consolidated statements of loss data for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, summary consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2017 and 2018 and summary consolidated statement of cash flow data for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus. Our consolidated financial statement are prepared in accordance with the International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”) issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (“IASB”). Our historical results are not necessarily indicative of results expected for future periods. You should read this Summary Consolidated Financial Data section together with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included elsewhere in this prospectus.

Consolidated Statements of Loss Data

The following table presents our selected consolidated statements of loss for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018.

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Note:

Consolidated Balance Sheet Data

The following table presents our selected consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2017 and 2018.

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Consolidated Cash Flow Data

The following table presents our selected consolidated cash flow data for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018.

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MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION

AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with the section entitled “Selected Consolidated Financial Data” and our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. This discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results and the timing of events could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, including those set forth under “Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this prospectus.

Overview

We are a leading and fast-growing precision oncology company in China that specializes in cancer molecular profiling and harnesses advanced technologies in molecular biology and data science to transform cancer treatment. We have developed a comprehensive product and service portfolio that covers the full-cycle of cancer care from early screening, to diagnosis and treatment recommendations, to relapse monitoring and continuous care.

According to Frost & Sullivan, we are one of the most advanced precision oncology companies that cover the full-cycle of cancer care. We provide comprehensive diagnostic products and services that cover eight out of the top ten major cancer types in China, capable of analyzing from focused gene panels to whole exome of approximately 21,000 genes. Depending on the nature of cancer and service types, we offer tissue biopsy, liquid biopsy, or both, providing great flexibility to patients and physicians to achieve the best clinical outcome. On the frontier of early screening, we have developed a leading technology platform and achieved breakthrough with our proprietary HCCscreen^TM assays that enable early detection and intervention of liver cancer. We also offer a high quality, end-to-end comprehensive genomic profiling solution for global biopharmaceutical companies to support their research and drug development. Based on our comprehensive offerings and advanced by our continuous commercialization efforts, we have made significant achievements in the adoption of our services and products. Since 2017 and as of June 30, 2019, we had provided products and services to patients in approximately 360 hospitals in China. We sold approximately 15,000 diagnosis tests in the year ended December 31, 2018, an increase from approximately 6,700 in the year ended December 31, 2017, and approximately 11,000 tests in the six months ended June 30, 2019, an increase from approximately 6,700 in the six months ended June 30, 2018.

We offer our products and services through three business units: diagnosis and monitoring, early screening and development services.

Diagnosis and Monitoring—We offer comprehensive diagnosis and monitoring services and products through both LDT services and IVD products. Since our inception in 2015, we have developed our diagnosis and monitoring services and products with a broad coverage of eight out of the top ten major cancer types in China. Our unique mix of strong cancer research capabilities, comprehensive products and services, and focused commercialization strategies have led to our success in the brain cancer testing market, which we are adopting in other cancer types. Our LDT service portfolio consists of both specifically designed focused and comprehensive gene panel testing services, measuring from single gene to a broad 21,000 gene panel suitable for patients with different needs and affordability. In addition, we are a leading player in China with approved IVD registration of both instrument and diagnostic assays. Our digital PCR system, “Genetron 3D” biochip reading instrument, and IDH1/TERT gene assays for glioma were approved in 2017 by the NMPA or its respective provincial counterparts for clinical use, illustrating our clear leadership in the precision oncology market in China. We are currently developing advanced NGS sequencing platforms and gene assays covering multiple prevalent cancer types to seek NMPA registration.

Early Screening—We are at the forefront of the development of liver cancer early screening products, and we are currently seeking NMPA registration of IVD products for the early screening of liver cancer. In addition,

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we have developed several LDT services for early cancer screening targeting asymptomatic individuals who are at a higher risk of developing cancer due to multiple factors. We focus our R&D efforts on liver cancer, lung cancer and pan-cancer.

Development Services—We collaborate with biopharmaceutical companies, hospitals, and research institutions both in China and globally to serve their needs in genomics research and clinical development. Our products and services may be used by biopharmaceutical companies for a range of applications, including biomarker evaluation for molecularly targeted therapy and immuno-therapy, clinical trial enrollment, companion diagnostics development and joint marketing post-drug approval. As of the date of this prospectus, we had collaborated with 55 hospitals in the PRC, 13 biopharmaceutical companies, and 13 research institutions.

We generated revenue from contracts with customers of RMB101.0 million and RMB225.2 million (US$32.8 million) in the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively. We also incurred net losses of RMB420.6 million and RMB465.0 million (US$67.6 million) in the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2018, respectively. We have funded our operations to date principally from the historical financing activities. As of December 31, 2018, we had RMB62.1 million (US$9.0 million) in cash and cash equivalents.

Key Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations

General Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations

Our business and results of operations are affected by a number of general factors, including:

Unfavorable changes in any of these general factors could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

Specific Factors Affecting Our Results of Operations

Increased adoption of our precision oncology services and products

Our revenue growth is mainly driven by our ability to increase the adoption of our services and products. For the year of 2018, we performed approximately 15,000 tests compared to approximately 6,700 tests in 2017. The results of our operations will largely depend on our ability to attract both individual customers and institutional clients, as well as retain and broaden adoption with existing institutional clients. Because our technology is relatively novel to customers in China, we have established a robust sales and marketing team to provide doctors, patients and other clients with the customized support. We especially focus on developing our partnership with both national and regional KOLs and specialists in local hospitals to promote and raise awareness of the clinical application of precision oncology among physicians and patients. Since 2017 and as of June 30, 2019, we had provided services and products to patients in approximately 360 hospitals in China.

Comprehensive offerings for broadening monetization channels

We continuously review market demands in precision oncology medicine industry, so we can strategically develop and expand our services and products. For our diagnosis and monitoring services, we have developed LDT services covering whole exome, comprehensive gene panels, and focused gene panels to address different

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needs across eight out of the top ten major cancer types in China. We are also a pioneer in IVD registration for both platforms and assays. We have recently entered early cancer screening market with LDT services to capture the long-term potential for early cancer screening targeting asymptomatic individuals who are at a higher risk of developing cancer and individuals who are generally concerned with cancer risks. In addition, we monetize capacity of our high-throughput sequencing platforms to provide genomic sequencing services to peer companies and institutions. We believe our comprehensive services and products will effectively address market demands and therefore drive our revenues.

Investment in technology and product innovation to support commercial growth

Investment in research and development, including development of new products, is critical to establish and maintain our industry leading position. We have developed innovative technology platforms since our inception, including Genetron One-Step Seq Method, ctDNA low frequency mutations detection technology and Mutation Capsule technology. We conduct adequate and well-controlled trials to collect scalable data for supporting the development of our technologies. Those core technologies are the basis of our growth. Our pipeline products are the main drivers for our future growth. We plan to allocate more resources to develop and market our new services and products, especially early screening services and development services. We expect to increase our research and development expense with the goal of fueling further innovation.

Obtaining regulatory approval for our pipeline products

There is an increasing demand of hospitals to provide one-stop IVD genomic testing services as the concept of precision oncology wins gradual acceptance among physicians. Adoption by public hospitals and insurance coverage often requires registration from the NMPA—each IVD product must be registered in association with a specific sequencing platform. Companies with NMPA-registered IVD products and platforms are expected to win larger market shares. We have an experienced regulatory team dedicating in handling regulatory approval for our pipeline IVD products and platforms. As of June 30, 2019, we have an in-depth IVD pipeline of two platforms and seven assays, covering both diagnosis and monitoring services and early screening. We believe once we obtained NMPA registrations for these products and platforms, we will gain significant advantage compared to our peers and therefore, achieve future growth and create new drivers for our revenues. We believe our leadership and experience in obtaining regulatory approvals of our pipeline products will be the foundation to further achieve economies of scale. On contrast, any failure to obtain regulatory approval for our pipeline products may cause adverse impact on the results of operations.

Expanding collaboration with biopharmaceutical company customers

We intend to pursue further growth in our collaboration with biopharmaceutical companies. Our revenue and business opportunities depend in part on our ability to attract new biopharmaceutical company customers and to maintain and expand relationships with existing customers. We believe our products and services could be used by biopharmaceutical companies for a wide range of applications, including discovery of new targets and mechanisms of acquired resistance, retrospective sample analysis to rapidly identify biomarkers associated with response and lack of response, prospective screening and referral services to accelerate clinical trial enrollment, and companion diagnostic development to support the approval and commercialization of therapeutics and may become one of our revenue drivers. As of June 30, 2019, we have partnered with eight biopharmaceutical companies in genomics research and clinical development. We will further optimize our research and development capacities to satisfy the potential demands of existing and new biopharmaceutical company customers.

Managing our costs and expenses effectively

Our ability to manage our costs and expenses efficiently is critical to the success of our business. Our costs and expenses consist primarily of costs of raw material and consumables used, promotion expenses, employee

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benefits expenses and research and development expenses. We expect our costs and expenses to grow in line with our growth and our continuing investments in research and development, including the development of new technologies and innovative products. While the costs and expenses in absolute amounts may grow, the costs and expenses as percentages of our revenues are expected to reduce with the increased economies of scale and operation efficiency. Specifically, along with the growth of our business, we may leverage our growing bargaining power to negotiate favorable pricing with our raw material suppliers, and we are able to utilize infrastructure and manage operations more effectively, both of which will allow us to increase our gross margin. Meanwhile, we have historically incurred a substantial amount of promotion and marketing expenses. Such marketing and promotion efforts solidify existing customer relationships and expand business reach, which in turn will generate more revenue in the long term. As a result, we expect that our selling expenses as a percentage of our revenues will decrease overtime.

Key Components of Results of Operations

Revenue

We derive our revenues from (i) precision oncology testing; and (ii) development services.

Precision oncology testing. Precision oncology testing revenue is generated from the sales from diagnosis and monitoring service business and early screening business in the form of LDT services and IVD products. For LDT services rendered for diagnosis and monitoring service business, we primarily sell LDT services either directly to patients or to hospitals that have entered into testing services agreements with us. For IVD products sold for diagnosis and monitoring service business, we sell our IVD products either directly to hospitals or through distributors to reach more hospitals.

For LDT services rendered for early screening business, we retail such tests targeting higher risk population directly or sell such tests to medical examination centers or enterprises to reach a larger customer base.

We expect our revenue from precision oncology testing to increase as a result of our increased brand awareness, further penetration of the market, broader coverage of hospitals, institutions and enterprises, more adoptions of current IVD products and the registration of our pipeline IVD products.

Development services. Development services revenue is generated from research services and sequencing services. We provide research services to hospitals, colleges and other institutional customers, sequencing services to genomic sequencing companies, and cooperate with biopharmaceutical companies in development of new drugs. We expect our revenue from development services to increase primarily driven by our expanded collaboration with biopharmaceutical companies.

Our chief operating decision maker has determined that we have only one reportable segment.

Cost of Revenue

Our cost of revenue mainly consists of cost of raw materials, labor cost, equipment and infrastructure expenses associated with precision oncology testing and development services. Raw materials primarily include reagents such as enzymes, plasmid and buffer solution. Infrastructure expenses include depreciation of laboratory equipment, rent costs, amortization of information technology costs. We expect that our cost of revenue will increase in absolute amount in the foreseeable future in line with the growth of services and products we offer. Meanwhile, we expect cost of services and goods sold as a percentage of our revenues to decrease due to our improved bargaining power over raw material and consumables used and the increased economies of scale.

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Selling Expenses

Our selling expenses consist primarily of employee benefits for our selling and marketing personnel, marketing and promotion expenses from our direct sales, and other expenses. Given the concept of precision oncology and clinical application of molecular diagnostics is relatively foreign to patients and physicians in China, we have devoted significant resources to educating the market, including hosting medical conferences and seminars, promoting awareness, and establishing collaboration with leading KOLs. We expect our selling and marketing expenses to increase in absolute amount in the foreseeable future, as we plan to continue investing substantially in our sales and marketing efforts to expand our sales and marketing team, broaden adoption of our existing services and products, further educate and promote precision oncology market, and promote our pipeline services and products to be launched in late 2019 and early 2020. Meanwhile, we expect selling expenses as a percentage of our revenues to decrease with the enhanced market acceptance of precision oncology and economies of scale.

Administrative Expenses

Our administrative expenses consist primarily of compensation for our management and administrative personnel, listing expenses, and professional fee. We expect that our administrative expenses will continue to increase in absolute dollars after this offering, primarily due to increased headcount and costs associated with operating as a public company, including expenses related to legal, accounting, maintaining compliance with exchange listing and requirements of the SEC, director and officer insurance premiums and investor relations. These expenses, though expected to increase in absolute dollars, are expected to decrease modestly as a percentage of revenue in the long term, though they may fluctuate as a percentage from period to period due to the timing and extent of these expenses.

Research and Development Expenses

Our research and development expenses mainly consist of cost of research and development materials and equipment, research and development personnel compensation expenses, and rental, utilities and office expenses. These expenses are primarily related to our clinical trials and validation. Research and development costs are expensed as incurred. We expect our research and development expenses to increase in the foreseeable future as we continue to make investments in expanding our technology infrastructure and developing new services and products.

Taxation

Cayman Islands

We are incorporated in the Cayman Islands. Under the current laws of the Cayman Islands, we are not subject to income, corporation or capital gains tax in the Cayman Islands. In addition, our payment of dividends, if any, is not subject to withholding tax in the Cayman Islands.

Hong Kong

Our subsidiary incorporated in Hong Kong was subject to Hong Kong profits tax at a rate of 16.5% for taxable income earned in Hong Kong before April 1, 2018. Starting from the financial year commencing on April 1, 2018, the two-tiered profits tax regime took effect, under which the tax rate is 8.25% for assessable profits on the first HK$2 million and 16.5% for any assessable profits in excess of HK$2 million.

PRC

Our subsidiaries and consolidated VIE in China are companies incorporated under PRC law and, as such, are subject to PRC enterprise income tax on their taxable income in accordance with the relevant PRC income

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tax laws. Pursuant to the PRC EIT Law, which became effective on January 1, 2008 and amended on December 29, 2018, a uniform 25% enterprise income tax rate is generally applicable to both foreign-invested enterprises and domestic enterprises, except where a special preferential rate applies. The enterprise income tax is calculated based on the entity’s global income as determined under PRC tax laws and accounting standards.

We were subject to VAT at a rate of 3%, 6% or 16% on the services we provided and related surcharges before April 1, 2019 and are subject to VAT at a rate of 3%, 6% or 13% on the services we provide and related surcharges after April 1, 2019. We are also subject to surcharges on VAT payments in accordance with PRC law.

As a Cayman Islands holding company, we may receive dividends from our PRC subsidiaries through Genetron Health (Hong Kong) Company Limited. The PRC EIT Law and its implementing rules provide that dividends paid by a PRC entity to a nonresident enterprise for income tax purposes is subject to PRC withholding tax at a rate of 10%, subject to reduction by an applicable tax treaty with China. Pursuant to the Arrangement between Mainland China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the Avoidance of Double Taxation and Tax Evasion on Income, the withholding tax rate in respect to the payment of dividends by a PRC enterprise to a Hong Kong enterprise may be reduced to 5% from a standard rate of 10% if the Hong Kong enterprise directly holds at least 25% of the PRC enterprise. Pursuant to the Notice of the State Administration of Taxation on the Issues concerning the Application of the Dividend Clauses of Tax Agreements, or SAT Circular 81, a Hong Kong resident enterprise must meet the following conditions, among others, in order to apply the reduced withholding tax rate: (i) it must be a company; (ii) it must directly own the required percentage of equity interests and voting rights in the PRC resident enterprise; and (iii) it must have directly owned such required percentage in the PRC resident enterprise throughout the 12 months prior to receiving the dividends. In August 2015, the State Administration of Taxation promulgated the Administrative Measures for Nonresident Taxpayers to Enjoy Treatment under Tax Treaties, or SAT Circular 60, which became effective on November 1, 2015. SAT Circular 60 provides that nonresident enterprises are not required to obtain pre-approval from the relevant tax authority in order to enjoy the reduced withholding tax. Instead, nonresident enterprises and their withholding agents may, by self-assessment and on confirmation that the prescribed criteria to enjoy the tax treaty benefits are met, directly apply the reduced withholding tax rate, and file necessary forms and supporting documents when performing tax filings, which will be subject to post-tax filing examinations by the relevant tax authorities. Accordingly, Genetron Health (Hong Kong) Company Limited may be able to benefit from the 5% withholding tax rate for the dividends it receives from its PRC subsidiaries, if it satisfies the conditions prescribed under SAT Circular 81 and other relevant tax rules and regulations. However, according to SAT Circular 81 and SAT Circular 60, if the relevant tax authorities consider the transactions or arrangements we have are for the primary purpose of enjoying a favorable tax treatment, the relevant tax authorities may adjust the favorable withholding tax in the future.

If our holding company in the Cayman Islands or any of our subsidiaries outside of China were deemed to be a “resident enterprise” under the PRC EIT Law, it would be subject to enterprise income tax on its worldwide income at a rate of 25%. See “Risk Factors—Risks Relating to Doing Business in the PRC—If we are classified as a PRC resident enterprise for PRC income tax purposes, such classification could result in unfavorable tax consequences to us and our non-PRC shareholders or ADS holders.”

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Results of Operations

The following table summarizes our consolidated results of operations both in absolute amounts and as percentages of our revenue from contracts with customers for the periods presented. This information should be read together with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus. The operating results in any period are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any future period.